Haarp and earthquakes ...

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Scalar Weapons Causing Earthquakes 

ARE EARTHQUAKES BEING CAUSED BY SCALAR WEAPONS? 

Date: Sunday, 10 November 2002, 10:04 p.m. 
I do not know what the statistics are but it seems that there are alot of volcanoes going off lately. An at least two very gigantic earthquakes in the past week or so. Having done a good deal of reading at scalar scientist Tom Bearden's website Cheniere.Org I cannot help but wondering if any of this earthquake and volcano activity is being cause by the new scalar electromagnetic superweapons called "Longitudinal Wave Interferometers," or "Tesla Howizters." 
According to Bearden the covert development of these devices, in at least 10 countries, began decades ago, especially in Russia, whose scientists were more able than those in the West to think outside the box of conventional electromagnetic theory, a theory which is incomplete. Scalar electromagnetics restores certain equations which were thrown out along the way to "make things simpler," and announces the amazing fact that what we call the vacuum of space is actually an ocean of energy. The energy is there in incredible abundance once you know how to tap it. Energy which could change the world for good, and also energy which can be made into fantastic weapons. Weapons such as no warrier has ever dreamed of in his wildest imagination. 
A longitudinal wave interferometer is easy to build. It's just two special antennae and a computer that connects them. The all-important software, the "know-how," is the only difficult thing. Where the two scalar beams cross each other is called the "interference zone," and in that zone a dazzling array of effects can be produced, so many that it boggles the mind. And these longitudinal waves can go right through the earth! So that you have pure action-at-a-distance. 
Two of the things that can by done by manipulation of the wave at the interference zone are making earthquakes at a distant spot, and making volcanos erupt. A previous Secretary of Defense, William Cohen, even confirmed that these kinds of weapons were in existence. In 1997 he stated: 
"Others [terrorists] are engaging even in an eco-type of terrorism whereby they can alter the climate, set off earthquakes, volcanoes remotely through the use of electromagnetic waves... So there are plenty of ingenious minds out there that are at work finding ways in which they can wreak terror upon other nations...It's real, and that's the reason why we have to intensifour [counter terrorism] efforts." - Defense Secretary William Cohen, 1997 
This was 37 years after Soviet Premier Khrushchev had announced the Longitudinal Wave Interferometer to the world saying: "We have a new weapon, just within the portfolio of our scientists, so to speak, which is so powerful that, if unrestrainedly used, it could wipe out all life on earth. It is a fantastic weapon." 
In fact so fantastic it can create earthquakes and make sleeping volcanos erupt. Here is an amazing description by Tom Bearden of how a Tesla Howitzer could induce an earthquake. 
"Here's how you initiate a very large earthquake with such weapons. Take a convenient fault zone of set of them. Focus the interferometry on the fault zone, in the "diverging" mode, and deposit EM energy there in the rocks on both sides, increasing (slowly) the stress in the rocks by the reverse piezoelectric effect (deposit excess energy, get crystal mechanical movements). 
"Do it slowly, and the stress will build up to large pressures well-above a plate slip minimum energy required. At some point, the rocks yield and one or both sides "slip" and move rather sharply, giving a very large earthquake in that zone. 
"Do the same thing down in the earth (remember, LWs easily penetrate right through the earth and ocean at will, and so the "interference zone" focus can be inside the earth or beneath the ocean, at will. 
"Anyway, focus this thing down to where the active part of the volcano is still slumbering, down where the hole in the plate has been made. Keep increasing the deposition of energy in the magma itself, and eventually the increasing pressure from deep within that volcano, underground, will cause an eruption. Build the energy slow, and the eruption will likely be much larger." 
ttp://www.earthchangestv.com/ufo/0209gandor.htm> 
In another mode the howitzer can create "cold explosions" where instead of causing huge energy to be released huge energy is sucked out. A number of these cold explosions have be witnessed, especially by commercial pilots, where they create a gigantic mushroom cloud of mostly water vapor rising miles into the sky. 
Yugoslav Earthquake followed by Cold Explosion 
www.cheniere.org... 
Another example is the Iran Quake of 1997. It was 7.4 on the Richter scale and aftershocks of as high as 6.0 were expected but there were no aftershocks. It was also at an anomalous depth. 
www.cheniere.org... 
Bearden says that with 100% certainty certain rogue groups including the "Yakuza" (Japanese mafia) are possessing these devices have be waging a weather war on the United States, and perhaps other places, moving fronts around with their giant movable areas of heat and cold. 
In the correspondence section of Cheniere.Org Bearden resonded to a reader's question "Do you have any indicators that the Yakuza (or someone else) is behind the recent spate of quakes and volcanoes, especially the quakes in Alaska?" 
"No indications directly as yet. So far, just the fact that it seems to be the most powerful quake ever to hit the U.S. Also, it damaged the pipeline in Alaska (800 miles long pipeline) that carries 20% of all domestic U.S. oil. The pipeline is shut down now, and I haven't a picture yet as to whether the damage is just minor or substantial. Note we previously discussed (several times) just how vulnerable that pipeline is. 
"We also know (100% certainty) that the Yakuza and Aum Shinrikyo have indeed been engineering our weather, etc. since 1990, having leased the scalar interferometers from the Russians (from the KGB, who control and use all such Russian weapons), on site in Russia at the end of 1989... 
"So if it is the Yakuza and Aum Shinrikyo, one can possibly add a couple of recent volcano eruptions as possible candidates to their list. 
"So a shadowy picture of possible Yakuza activities and involvement does emerge, but not yet with enough certainty to state it as such." - November 5, 2002. 
www.cheniere.org... 
If you can cause an earthquake you can also set it to, say, bring down a single buildings, of pair of buildings. It may be that the collapse of WTC twin towers was actually the first major scalar attack in world history. Because in a certain mode the waves at the interference zone can cause metal to soften, even to melt. If so, the planes crashing into them were merely a cover story to cloak the fact that the Tesla Howitzer had been used. 
The existence and proliferation of these scalar weapons is an immediate world emergency. A mishap with one of these devices could wipe out all life on earth. They could disrupt the scalar wave balance between earth and sun in such a way that would cause massive solar disturbances and storms, completely frying the earth. 
When they invented the Bomb, people worked hard to "Ban the Bomb", but this time the "Bomb" is held in such super secrecy that the People have no idea at all of the threats they are under and the complete vulnerability of any particular point on earth. If the Government really wanted to get people whipped up about the war on terrorism they should simply step forward and tell the People about these weapons and what they can do. They cannot do that because it would be an admission that every square inch of the country was vulnerable to these action-at-a-distance weapons, that there is no longer any such thing as National Security, and that we are all just sitting ducks now. That's a hard pill to swallow but swallow it we must. 
Perhaps that's the way human history ends, a bunch of criminal gangs and rogue groups fighting it out with such weapons as even the gods would envy. 
For more information on scalar technology see 
Scalar Wars: The Brave New World of Scalar Electromagnetics 
216.247.92.101... 
and Tom Bearden's website Cheniere.Org 
www.cheniere.org...
http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread7463/pg1

...

           
Earthquakes:
Natural or Man-Made? 
By JASON JEFFREY

Precautions against unconventional arms must be intensified as potential terrorists develop chemical and biological weapons and electromagnetic methods that could create holes in the ozone layer or trigger earthquakes or volcanoes.
– Former US Secretary of Defense William Cohen speaking at the University of Georgia, 1997
The devastating tsunami created December 26, 2004 by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake that killed more than 300,000 people on the shores of the Indian Ocean caught the world off guard. It was the largest earthquake since the 9.2 magnitude Good Friday Earthquake off Alaska in 1964, and ties for fourth largest since 1900.

     The earthquake that struck the Indonesian island of Sumatra occurred in a location geologists know is susceptible to powerful earthquakes. The quake occurred along a “subduction zone,” in which the Indian tectonic plate is being subducted, or pulled beneath, the Burma tectonic platelet. The overlying plate jumped upward more than 4.5 metres, lifting the water above it and setting off the tsunami.

     For some, the finger of blame doesn’t point squarely at nature but at top secret military testing in the waters of the Indian Ocean.

     The Egyptian weekly magazine Al-Osboa claimed the earthquake that triggered the tsunami “was possibly” caused by an Indian nuclear experiment in which “Israeli and American nuclear experts participated”.

     An Australian researcher, Joe Vialls,1 in his article “Did New York Orchestrate The Asian Tsunami?” analyses how easy it would be to deliver “a multi-megaton thermonuclear weapon to the bottom of the Sumatran Trench, and then detonate it with awesome effect.”

     Days after the disaster, Canadian Professor Michel Chossudovsky wrote an article titled “Foreknowledge of A Natural Disaster: Washington was aware that a deadly Tidal Wave was building up in the Indian Ocean”.2 He noted “the US Navy was fully aware of the deadly tidal wave, because the Navy was on the Pacific Warning Centre’s list of contacts. Moreover, America’s strategic Naval base on the island of Diego Garcia had also been notified. Although directly in the path of the tidal wave, the Diego Garcia military base reported ‘no damage’.”

     “With modern communications, the information of an impending disaster could have been sent around the world in a matter of minutes, by email, by telephone, by fax, not to mention by live satellite television,” he adds.

     Others see the catastrophe as a ‘sign of the times’ in which we live, and a portent of what is to come as the Earth and humanity experience even more changes as part of the end of a world cycle.

Natural Earthquakes

     Natural earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates over the Earth’s mantle. Sandwiched between Earth’s crust and molten outer core, the vast mantle accounts for 83 percent of the planet’s volume. It is filled with solid rock but, heated by the core and by its own radioactive decay, it circulates like a pot of impenetrable soup. That circulation is the driving force behind the surface motion of tectonic plates, which builds mountains and causes earthquakes.

     The destructive power of an earthquake comes from the momentum gathered when two opposing “faults” or tectonic plates that may have been locked together for decades, suddenly move apart. The result is that solid rock which normally moves only with the passing of geological ages accelerates briefly to 8000 kmh, unleashing huge quantities of energy and creating a shaking movement of up to a metre a second.

     Most people consider earthquakes to be natural in origin, but what if there was such a thing as man-made earthquakes? Well, there are. There is the official version of what constitutes a man-made earthquake, and then there is a body of suppressed research pointing to a more insidious agenda.

Artificially-Induced Earthquakes
     Officially, there is an area of research devoted to man-made earthquakes. Geologists and seismologists agree earthquakes can be induced in five major ways: fluid injection into the Earth, fluid extraction from the Earth, mining or quarrying, nuclear testing and through the construction of dams and reservoirs.

     In fact, there are officially recorded instances of earthquakes caused by human activity.

     Geologists discovered that disposal of waste fluids by means of injecting them deep into the Earth could trigger earthquakes after a series of quakes in the Denver area occurred from 1962-1965; the periods and amounts of injected waste coincided with the frequency and magnitude of quakes in the Denver area. The earthquakes were triggered because the liquid, which was injected under very high pressure, released stored strain energy in the rocks.

     Man-made earthquakes may seem like something out of the X-Files, and it’s probably only a matter of time before the idea is picked up by Hollywood.

     The plotline of Hammer of Eden, written by best-selling author Ken Follett, revolves around a terrorist group threatening to level San Francisco with a man-made earthquake. When asked by Salon magazine how real is the idea of a man-made earthquake, Follett replied that, “Some of the seismologists told me, ‘There’s no way this could happen.’ But others gave sad little shrugs and said, ‘It’s hard to say. Who knows? Maybe. It’s within the realm of possibly.’”

Suppressed Research: 
Tesla Technologies

     Born in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Nikola Tesla is one of the 20th century’s greatest scientists. A prodigious inventor of electronic devices and pioneer of free energy, Tesla never gained the recognition he deserved because his scientific breakthroughs were deemed too ‘sensitive’ by the corporate and government powers of the day.

     In a book entitled Tesla – The Lost Inventions, a section is headed “Man-Made Earthquake”. It discloses Tesla’s fascination with the power of resonance and how he experimented with it not only electrically but on the mechanical plane as well. In his Manhattan lab, Tesla built mechanical vibrators and tested their powers. One experiment got out of hand.

     Tesla attached a powerful little vibrator driven by compressed air to a steel pillar. Leaving it there, he went about his business. Meanwhile, down the street, a violent quaking built up, shaking down plaster, bursting plumbing, cracking windows, and breaking heavy machinery off its anchorages.

     Tesla’s vibrator had found the resonant frequency of a deep sandy layer of subsoil beneath his building, setting off a small earthquake. Soon Tesla’s own building began to quake. It is reported that just as the police broke into his lab, Tesla was seen smashing the device with a sledge hammer, the only way he could promptly stop it.

     In a similar experiment, on an evening walk through the city, Tesla attached a battery powered vibrator, described as being the size of an alarm clock, to the steel framework of a building under construction. He adjusted it to a suitable frequency and set the structure into resonant vibration.

     The structure shook, and so did the earth under his feet. Tesla later boasted he could shake down the Empire State Building with such a device. If this claim was not extravagant enough, he went on to say a large-scale resonant vibration was capable of splitting the Earth in half.

     An article from the July 11, 1935 issue of the New York American entitled ‘Tesla’s Controlled Earthquakes’, stated Tesla’s “experiments in transmitting mechanical vibrations through the Earth – called by him ‘the art of telegeodynamics’ – were roughly described by the scientists as a sort of controlled earthquake.”

     The article quotes Tesla as saying:

The rhythmical vibrations pass through the Earth with almost no loss of energy. It becomes possible to convey mechanical effects to the greatest terrestrial distances and produce all kinds of unique effects. The invention could be used with destructive effect in war…

     The January 1978 edition of Specula magazine ran an article describing an incredibly profound phenomenon that could be produced within the Earth by what is called the ‘Tesla Effect.’

     According to the article, electromagnetic signals of certain frequencies can be transmitted through the Earth to form standing waves in the Earth itself. In certain cases, coherence to this standing wave can be induced wherein a fraction of the vast, surging electromagnetic current of the Earth itself feeds into and augments the induced standing wave.

     In other words, “much more energy is now present in the standing wave than the ...amount being fed in from the Earth’s surface.” By interferometer techniques, giant standing waves can be combined to produce a focused beam of very great energy. This can then be used to produce earthquakes induced at distant aiming points.

     Tesla expressed grave concerns about the effects of this technology because it is exactly the type of thing that could easily get out of control once it begins vibrating within the Earth – and it could actually cause the Earth to vibrate to pieces.

     Another leading Tesla researcher and nuclear engineer, Lt. Col. Thomas Bearden, lecturing at a Symposium of the US Psychotronics Association (USPA) in 1981, stated:

Tesla found that he could set up standing waves… in the Earth (the molten core), or, just set it up through the rocks – the telluric activity in the rocks would furnish activity into these waves and one would get more potential energy in those waves than he put in. He called the concept the Tesla Magnifying Transmitter (TMT).

     Bearden goes on to explain how TMTs worked:

     They will go through anything. What you do is that you set up a standing wave through the Earth and the molten core of the Earth begins to feed that wave (we are talking Tesla now). When you have that standing wave, you have set up a triode. What you’ve done is that the molten core of the Earth is feeding the energy and it’s like your signal – that you are putting in – is gating the grid of a triode… Then what you do is that you change the frequency. If you change the frequency one way (start to dephase it), you dump the energy up in the atmosphere beyond the point on the other side of the Earth that you focused upon. You start ionising the air, you can change the weather flow patterns (jet streams etc) – you can change all that – if you dump it gradually, real gradually – you influence the heck out of the weather. It’s a great weather machine. If you dump it sharply, you don’t get little ionisation like that. You will get flashes and fireballs (plasma) that will come down on the surfaces of the Earth… you can cause enormous weather changes over entire regions by playing that thing back and forth.

HAARP: The Pentagon’s Ultimate Weapon

     In an Arctic compound 450 kilometres east of Anchorage, Alaska, the Pentagon has erected a powerful transmitter designed to beam more than a gigawatt of energy into the upper reaches of the atmosphere. Known as Project HAARP (High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program), the experiment involves the world’s largest “ionospheric heater,” a device designed to zap the skies hundreds of kilometres above the Earth with high-frequency radio waves.

     Why irradiate the charged particles of the ionosphere (which when energised by natural processes make up the lovely and famous phenomenon known as the Northern Lights)? According to the US Navy and Air Force, co-sponsors of the project, “to observe the complex natural variations of Alaska’s ionosphere.” As well, admit the Pentagon, to develop new forms of communications and surveillance technologies to enable the military to send signals to nuclear submarines and to peer deep underground.

     Ever since the existence of HAARP became public, a number of independent researchers have warned the operation has a secret agenda including weather modification, mind control, hi-tech military experiments, and the triggering of earthquakes.

     HAARP transmissions may also be used for the detection and monitoring of electromagnetic or “plasma” phenomena, precursors of seismic activity and tectonic movement. Researchers believe HAARP transmissions are actually being used to activate or trigger exactly the same electromagnetic conditions that can cause tectonic movement.

     Jerry Smith in his book HAARP: The Ultimate Weapon of the Conspiracy, warns many atmospheric scientists working on the secretive military project might be unaware of HAARP’s grave potential to wreak havoc on the Earth. He writes:

If HAARP is a TMT [Tesla Magnifying Transmitter], and these researchers correctly understand Tesla’s work, we could be in a lot of trouble. It is quite possible that the scientists working on HAARP do not know what they are playing with… Beyond that their ignorance might be compounded if HAARP is indeed a secretive black-ops military project. The military has devised a way of keeping secrets called ‘compartmentalisation’ where each unit knows only what it needs to know… Only the control group knows what’s going on… If there is a control group familiar with TMTs directing the actions of scientists unschooled in Tesla technology, those lower level operatives could be directed to wreak havoc with created weather or manufactured earthquakes….

     The key technology behind HAARP is the brainchild of scientist Bernard Eastlund. Judging from his APTI patent, Tesla was a major inspiration for Eastlund’s ionospheric heater. A New York Times story, dated December 8, 1915, describes one of Tesla’s ideas which are remarkably similar to Eastlund’s.3

     In 1966, Professor Gordon J.F. MacDonald was associate director of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the University of California, Los Angeles, a member of the US President’s Science Advisory Committee, and later a member of the US President’s Council on Environmental Quality.

     He published papers on the use of environmental-control technologies for military purposes. MacDonald made a revealing comment: “The key to geophysical warfare is the identification of environmental instabilities to which the addition of a small amount of energy would release vastly greater amounts of energy.”

     World-renowned scientist MacDonald developed ideas for using the environment as a weapon system and he contributed to what was, at the time, only in the wildest dream of a futurist. When he wrote his chapter, “How To Wreck The Environment,” for the book Unless Peace Comes, he was not kidding around. In it he describes the use of weather manipulation, climate modification, polar ice cap melting or destabilisation, ozone depletion techniques, earthquake engineering, ocean wave control and brain wave manipulation using the planet’s energy fields.

     He speculated these types of weapons would be developed and, when used, would be virtually undetectable by their victims. Is HAARP one such weapon?

     In her book Planet Earth: The Latest Weapon of War, renowned scientist and nuclear activist Dr. Rosalie Bertell says such electromagnetic weapons “have the ability to transmit explosive and other effects such as earthquake induction across intercontinental distances to any selected target site on the globe with force levels equivalent to major nuclear explosions.”

     Her book explains that pulsed, extremely low frequency (ELF) waves can be used to convey mechanical effects and vibrations at great distances through the Earth.

     Such manipulation of the Earth, she states, “has the capability to cause disturbance of volcanoes and tectonic plates, which in turn, have an effect on the weather,” creating storms and torrential rains over an area. Anyone notice the world’s weather has been very strange in recent months?

Beachings and Seismic Tests

     On November 28, 2004, Reuters reported that during a three day span, 169 whales and dolphins beached themselves in Tasmania, an island off the southern coast of mainland Australia. The cause for these beachings is not known, but Bob Brown, a senator in the Australian parliament, said “sound bombing” or seismic tests of ocean floors to test for oil and gas had been recently carried out near the sites of the Tasmanian beachings.

     According to Jim Cummings of the Acoustic Ecology Institute, seismic surveys utilising airguns have been taking place in mineral-rich areas of the world’s oceans since 1968. Among the areas that have experienced the most intense survey activity are the North Sea, the Beaufort Sea (off Alaska’s North Slope), and the Gulf of Mexico; areas around Australia and South America are also current hotspots of activity.

     The impulses created by the release of air from arrays of up to 24 airguns create low frequency sound waves powerful enough to penetrate up to 40km below the seafloor. The “source level” of these sound waves is generally over 200dB (and often 230dB or more), roughly comparable to a sound of at least 140-170dB in air.

     According to the Australian Conservation Foundation, these 200dB – 230dB shots from the airguns are fired every 10 seconds or so, from 10 metres below the surface, 24 hours a day, for 2 week periods of time, weather permitting.

     These types of tests are known to affect whales and dolphins, whose acute hearing and use of sonar is very sensitive.

     On December 24, 2004 there was a magnitude 8.1 earthquake more than 800 kilometres southeast of Tasmania near New Zealand, with a subsequent aftershock 6.1 a little later in the morning that same day.

     Then on December 26 the magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck leading to the devastating tsunami that killed more than 300,000 people.

     On December 27, 20 whales beached themselves 180 kilometres west of Hobart on the southern island state of Tasmania.

     Interestingly, the locations of the whale beachings over the previous 30 days correlates with the same general area struck by the 8.1 Australian earthquake. The seismic testing also took place in the same area. Then two days after the Australian tectonic plate shifted, the 9.0 earthquake shook the coast of Indonesia.

     There is strong evidence suggesting oil exploration activities have induced earthquakes in the past, although a link is yet to be established in this case.

     A paper “Seismicity in the Oil Field” by Russian academics admit, “Scientists have observed that earthquakes can be triggered by human action…. Some geophysicists, including the authors of this article, believe that if the natural tectonic regime had been taken into account during the planning of hydrocarbon recovery, the earthquakes might have been avoided.”4 

     This is a sobering admission when we consider that some geologists say the Australian quake was the likely trigger for the Indonesian quake.

Sign of the Times?

     The death and devastation caused by major earthquakes around the world can only worsen in years to come, as growing urban development and unprecedented population growth compound the lethal effects of natural and, as some researchers claim, man-made seismic hazards.

     With the world’s population nearing an estimated 6.5 billion, there are fewer unpopulated places for quakes to strike. And with ever more people to accommodate, there is more multistoried construction in vulnerable fault zones.

     Frightening and controversial projects like HAARP, with applications ranging from weather modification to mind control, should be of great concern to us all. And most worrying is mounting evidence the US military now has the ability to create earthquakes – the ultimate weapon of war.

     Was the earthquake of December 26 man-made or the result of natural forces? There are many who believe such events are part of a cyclic period of earth changes. Strange weather patterns, an increase in earthquake activity, and natural disasters across the planet, are anticipated at the end of major world cycles.

     Christians often call attention to the Gospel account where Jesus says a sign of the end of the world age would be “earthquakes in diverse places” (Matthew 24:7). Many believe this verse refers to the times in which we live.

     In traditional Hindu cosmology, we are now nearing the end of the Kali Yuga which is the final and most negative of four evolutionary cycles which are Satya Yuga (Golden Age), Treta Yuga (Silver Age), Dwapara Yuga (Bronze Age), and Kali Yuga (Iron Age).

     Similarly, the ancient Greeks traced the lineage of mankind through five successive “ages” or “races” from the “Golden Age” to the present “Iron Age.”

     The Visuddhimagga, a compendium of Theravada Buddhist philosophy, gives further details about the recurring cycles that destroy mankind and cleanse the Earth. The text relates there are 64 world destruction cycles in which the world perishes seven times by fire, and an eighth time by water. This cycle of eight destructions repeats itself seven times, and then at the end of the eighth cycle the final destruction is by wind rather than water. Then the cycle of 64 begins anew.

     Man’s most ancient traditions tell us these cycles reflect the creative process of the cosmos. The memories of a lost ‘Golden Age’, found in all earthly cultures, point to a time in the distant past when harmony and balance prevailed. This harmony is upset during the Iron Age, which is prophesied to end amid a proliferation of inverted spiritual values and rampant materialism, accompanied by devastating natural disturbances.

     Act of man or act of nature, the recent earthquake and tsunami may indeed be another ‘sign of the times’ signalling the last days of the present world order. We do well to recall the words of the gifted French esotericist Rene Guenon:

This end only appears to be the “end of the world,” without any reservation or specification of any kind, to those who see nothing beyond the limits of this particular cycle;… the end now under consideration is undeniably of considerably greater importance than many other, for it is the end of a whole Manvantara [world age]… this end will itself immediately become the beginning of another Manvantara... if one does not stop short of the most profound order of reality, it can be said in all truth the “end of a world” never is and never can be anything but the end of an illusion.

Footnotes:
1. www.vialls.com
2. www.globalresearch.ca/articles/CHO412C.html
3. www.rense.com/ufo3/tesla.htm
4. www.oilfield.slb.com/media/resources/oilfieldreview/ors00/sum00/p2_17.pdf

http://newdawnmagazine.com.au/Articles/Earthquakes_Natural_or_Man_Made.html

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ELF/VLF Wave-injection and Magnetospheric Probing with HAARP
Stanford University January 2003
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page #
1.
INTRODUCTION 3
2.
PROPOSED RESEARCH 6
A.
Preliminary Results from Initial HAARP ELF/VLF Wave-injection Campaigns 8
B.
Two-hop whistler-mode echoes and triggered emissions 10
C.
One-hop whistler-mode signals and triggered emissions 15
3.
STATEMENT OF WORK 16
4.
ESTIMATED COST BREAKDOWN 17
5.
Attachment A: Scientific Opportunities, Background and Justification 26
of ELF/VLF Wave-injection and Magnetospheric Probing Experiments with HAARP
6.
Attachment B: Mitigation of Enhanced Radiation: Talk presented by 38
Umran Inan to Distinguished Visitors at HAARP
7.
Attachment C: Evaluation of a Proposed Program to Use Orbiting 52
VLF Transmitters for Radiation Belt Mitigation.
8.
Attachment D: Paper presented by Umran Inan at URSI General Assembly on results 59
from HAARP ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments
9.
Attachment E: ELF/VLF Measurements at the HAARP Conjugate Point: 88
Buoy Feasibility Study
3
1. INTRODUCTION
A three year research program is proposed to establish an array of wideband ELF/VLF receivers and to conduct continuous measurements of the magnetospheric response to the injection of ELF/VLF waves using the HAARP HF heater. The primary objective of the proposed program is to detect the so-called ‘one-hop’ direct and the ‘two-hop’ whistler-mode echo of a HAARP-injected ELF/VLF signal, and to study the characteristics of these signals to determine the degree to which injected ELF/VLF signals are amplified by the magnetospheric plasma, leading to the triggering of new emissions and enhanced precipitation of energetic electrons from the radiation belts. The scientific opportunities, background and justification for ELF/VLF wave-injection and magnetospheric probing experiments with HAARP are provided in Attachment A, which is a copy of a detailed report prepared earlier (April 2001) by Stanford for preliminary ELF/VLF wave-injection campaigns conducted under the auspices of the Polar Aeronomy and Radio Science (PARS) program.
L = 7 L = 6 L= 5 L = 4 Akhiok Port Graham HAARPCrosswind Chistochina Juneau L = 3 KetchikanCold Bay Valdez Yakutat Precipitating
Reflected
Heated
regionwaves Amplified and/or triggeredwaves Interaction regionEnergetic electrons Pitch angle scattered electrons Reflected waves Conj.PointHAARPelectrons Injected
waves
Fig. 1. Proposed Program of ELF/VLF Observations in the northern hemisphere. At each of the sites shown, broadband ELF/VLF measurements will be conducted with identical equipment and with two orthogonal magnetic loop antennas. The purpose of the measurements is to detect the two-hop whistler-mode echo of ELF/VLF signals injected into the magnetosphere by modulated HF heating of the auroral electrojet by HAARP. The solid line circles are incremented in radii by 100-km, with the outermost one having a radius of 1000-km. The loci of the L-shells shown correspond to 100-km altitude, so that the L-value at the ground levels are somewhat lower. For example, the HAARP facility at ground level is located at L
4.89, while the L-value at 100-km altitude immediately above HAARP is L
5.25.
The measurements of the two-hop signals in the northern hemisphere would be complemented with ELF/VLF observations in the geomagnetically conjugate region (in the Southern Pacific Ocean) on buoy (see Figure 3), aimed at observing amplified one-hop whistler-mode signals and associated triggered emissions. Based on results from 15-years of experimentation with the VLF wave-injection facility at Siple Station, Antarctica (L
4.2), observation of the amplified one-hop signal with triggered emissions is ∼5 times more likely than the detection of the two-hop echo [Carpenter and Bao, 1983]. Accordingly, the ocean-based measurement is considered a
4
crucial component of the prosed program, both for the initial detection of an amplified whistler-mode HAARP-injected VLF signal during the next two years when HAARP will operate at less than its full capacity (in terms of power level and antenna array and thus ultimately the intensity of the induced ELF/VLF signal), and also for the conduct of repeatable and routine ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments when HAARP is developed to its full capacity.
A second objective of the proposed program is to detect ionospheric effects of HAARP-VLF-induced electron precipitation via the subionospheric VLF remote sensing method, which is particularly sensitive for measurements of effects in the nighttime D-region of >50 keV electrons. This objective is described in Section 2-C.
In the course of pursuing these two objectives, the proposed ELF/VLF measurements will also serve to determine the amplitude and phase of HAARP-induced ELF/VLF signals as a function of distance on the ground, over a range of up to ∼1500 km. This determination will in turn allow an indirect assessment of the extent of the magnetospheric regions illuminated by HAARP-induced ELF/VLF waves, even when the two-hop whistler-mode echo might not be observable. The phase-coherent (facilitated by GPS-timing) nature of the measurements will allow the delineation of the individual Earth-ionosphere waveguide modes which carry the HAARP-induced to distant points in the waveguide.
Furthermore, the continuous ELF/VLF measurements at the distributed sites will in addition provide a unique data base for investigations of natural magnetospheric ELF/VLF wave activity (and associated particle precipitation effects) in the important subauroral region in the vicinity of the plasmapause. In the latter context, the proposed array of observing sites represents the most comprehensive set of measurements ever conducted of the subauroral near-plasmapause region.
The scientific motivation for the proposed work arose in the context of discussions (during March–August 2001) of a panel of experts assessing the means by which artificial enhancements (e.g., as a result of atmospheric nuclear explosions) of radiation belt fluxes can be mitigated by controlled transmissions of ELF/VLF waves. The results of the deliberations of the panel indicated that it would be feasible to mitigate such artificial enhancements by injecting ELF/VLF waves in-situ from satellite-based transmitters. However, implementation of a practical system required that we take advantage of the natural magnetospheric amplification and growth of whistler-mode signals as a result of cyclotron-resonant interactions. Such interactions are highly coherent and wave amplification is strongly dependent on the frequency-time format of the injected signals as well as factors. Thus, it was found necessary that we learn to amplify signals prior to designing a space-based mitigation system. The HAARP facility provides the only source available for this purpose, and the proposed set of wave-injection experiments are thus aimed at investigating the wave amplification and growth processes so that we can determine the conditions (and the modulation formats) under which injected signals are most likely to be amplified. A recent report prepared on the topic of radiation belt mitigation drawing from the conclusions arrived at the HAARP panel deliberations is attached as Attachment B. A detailed technical/scientific evaluation of the considerations of the HAARP panel undertaken by radiation belts experts Dr. M. Schulz and Dr. H. Petschek is enclosed as Attachment C.
As described in Attachment B, the radiated power level and the HF antenna array size of
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Siple Station, Antarctica 26 July 1977 1137:00 UT3
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Roberval, Quebec 26 July 1977 1137:00 UT
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Roberval, Quebec 26 July 1977 1137:30 UT 3
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Fig. 2. Observations of amplified two-hop signals and triggered emissions. The transmitted pulses are 2-s long, during which time the VLF receiver at Siple Station is muted (hence the black background). The transmitter is then turned OFF for 8-seconds, during which time the two-hop echo, which is amplified and is accompanied by new emissions which are triggered, is observed. Note that the one-hop signal is observed at Roberval, Quebec, as well as the three-hop signal. There is also clear evidence of the four-hop signal in the Siple records. The procedure is repeated, with the character of the two-hop echo changing somewhat as a function of time.
the present HAARP facility allows for average ELF/VLF signal intensities which are a factor of ∼5 below the threshold of nonlinear magnetospheric amplification. Observation of two-hop whistler-mode echoes are thus expected to occur under highly specialized conditions. Such relatively rare observations can nevertheless allow us to probe the magnetosphere and determine the means by which HAARP-induced ELF/VLF signals couple to high altitudes. In view of the recognition that observations of two-hop echoes would be relatively rare, we propose a continuous program of observations involving HAARP transmissions on at least ∼100 days each year for 8 to 10 hours/night. If the HAARP facility were to be upgraded to its full power and full array capacity over the next few years, we can expect to regularly trigger amplification and wave growth, allowing in depth experimentation with transmission formats and full exploration of the conditions under which amplification can be achieved.
Figure 2 shows the type of data that we ideally seek to acquire in the context of the proposed program. It has been found that such well defined two-hop echoes and triggered emissions only
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occur if the amplitude of the injected ELF/VLF signals is above the threshold of nonlinear amplification. These types of highly defined interactions may occur quite rarely with the presently available HAARP power levels (∼1 MW and existing array) so that an in depth study may only be possible with the use of full-up HAARP (3.6 MW and complete array). Nevertheless, we expect to use the type of methodology shown in Figure 2 to identify two-hop echoes in ELF/VLF data, and design ELF/VLF transmission formats that would maximize likelihood of growth and identification of two-hop echoes.
The proposed set of ELF/VLF observations at distributed sites in the northern hemisphere are aimed at the measurement of the two-hop whistler-mode echo of HAARP-injected ELF/VLF signals. The scientific investigations proposed to be undertaken here could be very usefully complemented via associated measurements in the geomagnetic conjugate region in the southern hemisphere, as shown in Figure 3. However, the particular location of the conjugate region in the southern Pacific ocean makes such measurements quite difficult, requiring a semi-permanent platform, such as a buoy. Accordingly, an important component of the proposed program is to carry out ELF/VLF measurements on such a buoy deployed in the conjugate region shown. While some of the program objectives can be addressed with measurements in Alaska of the two-hop signals, the likelihood of observing the one-hop signal is much higher (by about a factor of ten) based on Siple experiments, so that the buoy-based measurements are required for realization of all of the program objectives.
A description of the proposed research program is provided in Section 2, followed by a Statement of Work describing specific Tasks to be performed which is given in Section 3.
2. PROPOSED RESEARCH
The proposed program is an outgrowth of an initial set of observations that were conducted during 2001 and 2002 in the context of the Polar Aeronomy and Radio Science (PARS) ULF/ELF/VLF Project, involving ELF/VLF measurements at two sites within <50 km of HAARP and another site (Valdez, see Figure 3) at a distance of ∼150 km from HAARP The scientific justification and background for the proposed program ELF/VLF Wave-injection and Magnetospheric Probing with HAARP is detailed in a report prepared by Stanford for the PARS project, which is provided as Attachment A.
The PARS ELF/VLF wave-injection project involved the conduct of three campaigns, during Fall 2001, Spring 2002 and Fall 2002. The first two of these campaigns only involved ELF/VLF measurements at one or two sites within <50 km of HAARP, while the third one conducted in October/November 2002 and involved ELF/VLF measurements at three additional (unmanned) sites at distances of ∼70 km from HAARP and yet another site (Valdez) at a distance of ∼150 km.
Preliminary results of observations from the first two PARS ELF/VLF campaigns are briefly discussed in the next subsection (Section 2-A) and provide the context upon which we expect to build the proposed program. A detailed description of these results were given in a paper presented at the recent URSI General Assembly; a copy of the talk presented at this meeting
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L = 7 L = 6 L= 5 L = 4 New Zealand Antarctic Coast Akhiok Port Graham HAARPCrosswind Chistochina Juneau L = 3 L = 3 L = 7 L = 6 L= 5 L = 4 Akhiok Port Graham JuneauHAARP Ketchikan Ketchikan Cold Bay Cold Bay I1 I2 I3 Valdez Yakutat Yakutat Valdez
Precipitating Reflected electrons
Heated
region Injected waves Amplified and/or triggeredwaves Interaction region Energetic electrons Pitch angle scattered electrons Reflected waves waves
Fig. 3. Geomagnetic conjugate region of HAARP. The proposed program of HAARP ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments with measurements in the northern hemisphere should ideally be complemented with similar measurements (at at or two sites) in the geomagnetic conjugate region. However, conducting such measurements over meaningful periods of time (many days to weeks) requires the use of a semi-permanent platform such a buoy. Each point in the northern hemisphere is mapped along the Earth’s magneticfield lines (using an accurate IGRF model of the field) to the conjugate hemisphere. The circles centered around HAARP with radii incremented by 100-km are also mapped in the same way. Although New Zealand lies at a distance of >1000 km from the HAARP conjugate region, there are several (uninhabited) islands (marked I1, I2, and I3) that are closer.
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by Professor Inan is provided as Attachment D. Analysis of the data from the third campaign (November 2002) is currently in progress. The rationale for the two-hop component of the proposed program, involving observations at a spatially distributed set of sites in Alaska extending to lower L-shells (up to L
3.5) is described in Section 2-B, together with a description of proposed measurements of electron precipitation effects that may be produced by HAARP-induced ELF/VLF signals and opportunities for phase coherent measurements of natural ELF/VLF signals and triggered emissions.
A. Preliminary Results from Initial HAARP ELF/VLF Wave-injection Campaigns
Figure 4 shows examples of ELF/VLF data collected at Chistochina and Crosswind Lake during HAARP ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments conducted in Spring 2002. For this purpose, electromagnetically quiet sites were identified at locations many miles away from power lines (which produce‘hum’in the ELF/VLF frequency range) and two large (∼5-m square) orthogonal loop antennas were erected, aligned in the geomagnetic North-South and East-West directions. The output of matched preamplifiers were fed to a line receiver located at a distance of ∼2000-ft, the outputs from which were then digitized with 100-kHz sampling and 16-bit resolution and recorded continuously for may hours per night. The HAARP HF heater was modulated with specially designed formats, including stair-cases in frequency, descending and ascending frequency-time ramps, and chirped signals that are known (based on Siple experiments) to often maximize wave growth. The continuous wideband recording of the data allows maximum spectral and temporal resolution, as is evident from the spectrograms shown. HAARP-induced ELF/VLF was observed nearly 40% of the time at both sites, often quite similar between the two sites (due to their proximity) but sometimes exhibiting interesting differences between sites and also often between N-S and E-W recordings at the same site. No evidence for magnetospheric transmission or a two-hop echo was observed during ∼12 days of nightly (10 hours per night) transmissions in March 2002.
The primary conclusions derived from these preliminary measurements at Chistochina and Crosswind Lake is that HAARP routinely and robustly produces well defined ELF/VLF signals. It was also evident that the two sites are too close to one another, and basically see the same activity most of the time. For the upcoming campaign in Fall 2002, we plan to conduct measurements at Chistochina and at Valdez, the latter being at a distance of 150 km from HAARP. These two sites provides a larger baseline, which may improve the chances of observing the two-hop echo. Nevertheless, the Valdez site is still at a relatively high L-shell, most likely outside the plasmapause, the sharp gradients of which may help guide the whistler-mode signal (and thus the two-hop echo) between hemispheres. The proposed program of observations at a distributed set of sites extending to L-shells which straddle the plasmapause boundary and extend to within the plasmasphere will truly maximize the chances of observation of magnetospheric signatures of HAARP-induced ELF/VLF signals.
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Fig. 4. HAARP-induced ELF/VLF signals observed at Chistochina and Crosswind Lake.
The transmissions were designed so as to allow the detection of the two-hop whistler-mode echo, expected to arrive with a time delay of a few seconds. The descending and ascending frequency-time ramps were used to explore the possibility of frequency selective magnetospheric transmission or amplification. At both sites, data was collected with two orthogonal loop antennas, oriented in the geomagnetic East-West (EW) and North-South (NS) directions. The vertical lines are radio atmospherics from distant lightning discharges, where as the continuous horizontal lines (especially evident in Crosswind Lake data) are local interference.
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B. Two-hop whistler-mode echoes and triggered emissions
a. Rationale for the Proposed Distribution of ELF/VLF Measurement Sites
The most extensive set of controlled ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments were carried out with the Siple Station VLF transmitter facility operated by Stanford University during 1973-88. The experience gained in these experiments provides much of the basis for the design of the proposed program of wave-injection experiments using the HAARP facility. Figure 5 shows a depiction of these experiments and a summary of results of observations reported in a comprehensive paper [Carpenter and Bao, Journal of Geophysical Research, p. 7051, 1983].
During VLF wave injection experiments at Siple Station, it was found that two-hop signals were observed at Siple station approximately 70% of the times that one-hop signals were observed at the magnetically conjugate station at Roberval, Quebec. Thus the two-hop signals were a common feature of the wave injection experiments. By analyzing the properties of whistlers which were also propagating along the same ducts that guided the Siple signals through the magnetosphere, it was possible to quite accurately determine the L-shell along which propagation occurred. Figure 5 shows the distribution of the L-shells of these paths for two different periods in 1980 and 1973-4. The majority of the ducts excited during the 1980 period were located on L-shells whose ionospheric foot print was within ∼100 km of the station. However, the 1980 data set only included data from 12 days of strongest activity, so that this distribution is not representative of what we can expect for the case of wave-injection with HAARP. The data from the 1973-74 period on the other hand, represents an all inclusive analysis of data from a four month period, regardless of how well defined the Siple transmitter signals were in Roberval. It is clear from the 1973-74 distribution that ducts were often excited over the L-shell range 3.8 <L<4.2, substantially below the L-shell of the Siple-Roberval path (L
4.3), and that sometimes propagation paths at L-shells as low as L
3 were excited. The distribution of propagation paths may well have been strongly influenced by the average location of the plasmapause at L
4; it is well known that the sharp density gradients of the plasmapause may effectively guide whistler-mode signals between hemispheres. The distribution of our proposed observation paths as shown in Figure 1 is designed to capture the two-hop echoes of HAARP-induced ELF/VLF signals over the entire range of distances explored in the Siple experiments.
b. Subionospheric VLF Measurements of Energetic Electron Precipitation
In recent years, the subionospheric VLF remote sensing method (Figure 5), involving high-resolution measurements of the amplitude and phase of VLF signals propagating in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide, has emerged as a powerful new tool for measurements of both transient and steady perturbations of the nighttime D-region, in the altitude range of ∼70 to 90 km. In recent years, the VLF remote sensing method has been extensively utilized to study a variety of lower ionospheric disturbances, including those associated with lightning discharges, ionospheric heating by HF and VLF waves, the auroral electrojet, and relativistic electron precipitation enhancements. Computer-based models of VLF propagation and scattering are now
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Fig. 5. L-shell distribution of Siple transmitter signal paths observed at Roberval during two different periods. The data from the first period, 1973-74, were extensively and all-inclusively analyzed, regardless of how weak the signal might be at Roberval. For the second period, data from only 12 days of strongest activity were considered. It is clear that magnetospheric paths well equatorward of the Siple transmitter were commonly excited.
available so that the VLF method can now be quantitatively used to interpret ionospheric signatures of electron precipitation in terms of their spatial extent and the altitude profiles of ionization. Stanford University extensively uses VLF remote sensing for detecting electron precipitation bursts induced by lightning discharges, using a holographic array of stations extending from Wyoming to New Mexico.
In this connection, the proposed ELF/VLF observation program will provide outstanding opportunities to continuously monitor energetic electron precipitation over the L-shell range of 3 <L|! <5 as shown in Figure 5. The availability of many criss-crossing paths will allow the delineation of the spatial distribution of ionospheric disturbances (and hence the precipitation regions). Energetic electron precipitation monitored in this manner may be caused by natural signals, such as lightning-generated whistlers, or ELF/VLF chorus emissions, or may be induced by ELF/VLF signals injected by HAARP. The latter are expected to be at very low levels, but may still be detectable by means of superposed epoch analysis under conditions of imposed periodicities.
Based on Figure 5 we note that the parallel energies of electrons resonant with 3 kHz waves are >50 keV during disturbed times, indicating that any wave-induced precipitation of these particles would produced ionospheric disturbances at altitudes below 90 km, readily observable with the VLF sounding technique.
12 VLFVLF VLF Xmtr Signal Scattered VLF Fields Ionosphere (~85 km height) ΔσDisturbance Heated region Injected waves Amplified and/or triggeredwaves Interaction region Energetic electrons Precipitating electrons Pitch angle scattered electrons Conj. Point HAARP Precipitating electrons Injected waves
Receiver XMTR
Fig. 6. Subionospheric VLF remote sensing of energetic electron precipitation. Detection and measurement of energetic electron precipitation via the associated phase and amplitude perturbations of subionospheric VLF signals is now a well established technique. The precipitating energetic (>)50 keV) electrons penetrate to altitudes below the nighttime reflection height (∼85 km) of the VLF signals, creating secondary ionization, which in turn affects the waveguide mode structure of the VLF signals propagating in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. In the case of transient bursts of precipitation, the excess secondary ionization created lasts for 30 to 100 s, until the ionosphere recovers back to its ambient levels.
c. Interferometric Measurement of Natural ELF/VLF Signals
The proposed set of extensive multi-site ELF/VLF observations will additionally provide a data base with unprecedented resolution and coverage, with which investigations of ionospheric exit points of natural waves of magnetospheric origin (e.g., whistlers, chorus, or hiss) can be determined. Such determination is not possible with single site observations, which constitute the majority of ground-based observations of ELF/VLF phenomena conducted so far. Although some multi-site measurements have been conducted, the data recordings were typically not done in wideband fashion, and GPS-timing was not available, so that phase coherence between distant sites could not be achieved.


13 Akhiok Port Graham HAARP Dot Lake Juneau KetchikanCold Bay Healy L = 7 L = 6 L= 5 L = 4 L = 3 NLK (24.8 kHz) Jim Creek Valdez Yakutat Talkeetna
from NPM (21.4 kHz) in Hawaii
Fig. 7. Distribution of VLF signal paths which will be monitored with the proposed array of ELF/VLF observing sites. To avoid clutter, signal paths are shown for only two VLF transmitters, namely the NPM transmitter in Hawaii and the NLK transmitter in Jim Creek, Washington. The observing sites labeled in green (Talkeetna, Healy, and Dot Lake) are already in-place and operating as part of a D-region diagnostic system for HAARP.
Fig. 8. Parallel energy of cyclotron resonant electrons. (a) The product of parallel resonant energy (W ) and electron density N versus L-shell for selected frequencies. (b) Equatorial
cold plasma density in the magnetosphere during normal and disturbed conditions. (c) The corresponding parallel resonant energy versus L-shell for 3-kHz signals, during disturbed and normal times.
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R3 Ionosphere (~100 km)
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Fig. 9. Interferometric Measurements of Discrete Chorus Emissions. (a) Two second snapshots illustrating the characteristic frequency-time signatures of rising chorus emissions. (b) Continuous records of signal amplitude in selected narrow bands, illustrating the characteristic morning local time (magnetic noon is approximately 1500 UT) peak in chorus activity. (c) Since chorus is believed to exit the magnetosphere in relatively compact ionospheric exit points, the determination of the location and aperture distribution of such exit regions requires coherent measurements at spaced sites, as will be facilitated by the proposed array (Figure 1) of ELF/VLF observing sites.
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C. One-hop whistler-mode signals and triggered emissions
The scientific rationale for this component of the proposed work is the same as that discussed above for the measurement of amplified two-hop whistler-mode signals and triggered emissions. It is clear from the right hand panel of Figure 5 that the optimum location for observation of amplified signals is at the the point which is geomagnetically conjugate to the source of the injected ELF/VLF waves. For the case of ELF/VLF waves injected by the HAARP HF heater, this location lies in the Southern Pacific ocean as shown in Figure 3. The conduct of repeatable ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments with the HAARP facility thus requires the use of an ocean-based platform, for which we propose to use a buoy. The feasibility of such measurements have been thoroughly investigated during the past three months under the auspices of a separate ONR grant at Stanford, considering all important aspects of the experiment, including design, construction, transportation, and deployment, as well as cost. The results of this feasibility study provides guidance for the manner in which we propose to conduct this component of the proposed program, and is described in Attachment E, which is a report prepared by ENS Noah Reddell, who conducted the feasibility study. Mr. Reddell will also be one of the key personnel on this project in the implementation phase, as is described separately in Section 4.
5. ATTACHMENTS
Attachment A:
Scientific Opportunities, Background and Justification of ELF/VLF Wave-injection and Magnetospheric Probing Experiments with HAARP. This report was prepared by Stanford University in April 2001 to provide the background for the preliminary HAARP ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments carried out under the auspices of the Polar Aeronomy and Radio Science (PARS) program.
Attachment B:
Mitigation of Enhanced Radiation. This report was recently (July 12, 2002) presented by Professor Umran Inan to distinguished visitors of the HAARP facility. It is an expanded summary of the results of the deliberations of the HAARP Panel chaired by Dr. T. Tether.
Attachment C:
Evaluation of a Proposed Program to Use Orbiting VLF Transmitters for Radiation Belt Mitigation. This report was prepared in October 2001 by Dr. M. Schulz and Dr.
H. Petschek, both experts on radiation belts and wave-induced diffusion and scattering of energetic particles.
Attachment D:
Paper presented at the URSI General Assembly. This paper, presented by Professor Umran Inan at Maastricht in August 2002, described results from the first two HAARP ELF/VLF wave-injection campaigns.
Attachment E:
ELF/VLF Measurements at the HAARP Conjugate Point: Buoy Feasibility Study.
This document was prepared by ENS Noah Reddell, based on his work during the Fall Quarter, under the auspices of a separate feasibility study grant from ONR.
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Attachment A: Scientific Opportunities, Background and Justification of ELF/VLF Wave-injection and Magnetospheric Probing Experiments with HAARP. This report was prepared by Stanford University in April 2001 to provide the background for the preliminary HAARP ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments carried out under the auspices of the Polar Aeronomy and Radio Science (PARS) program.
POLAR AERONOMY AND RADIO SCIENCE (PARS) ULF/ELF/VLF PROJECT DESCRIPTION
U. S. Inan and T. F. Bell
STAR Laboratory, Stanford University
1. INTRODUCTION
The collection of state-of-the-art (and in some cases unique) geophysical instruments at or near the HAARP Gakona site, as well as the capability for active ionospheric modification and ULF/ELF/VLF wave-injection with the HAARP heater, provide an outstanding opportunity for experiments aimed at studying the mechanisms and effects (both ionospheric and magnetospheric) of wave-particle interaction processes, in subauroral regions near and immediately outside the plasmapause. The L-value of Gakona (L=4.89) is within the range of L-shells explored in an extensive set of coordinated ionospheric and magnetospheric experiments conducted from Siple Station, Antarctica (L = 4.2). These experiments included a wide range of ELF/VLF
(1.5 to 7 kHz) wave-injection experiments accompanied by a host of passive ionospheric diagnostics, including optical imaging, photometers, riometers, ULF micropulsations, ionosondes, and magnetometers, and were conducted during 1970s and 1980s. Active wave-injection and passive geophysical observations from Siple Station were often coordinated with high and low altitudes satellites, such as ISIS-1,2, IMP-6, ISEE-1, and DE-1 and DE-2. No such experiments have been carried out since the closure of Siple Station in 1988 due to logistical difficulties in maintaining this dedicated Antarctic facility. At present, some coordinated geophysical observations of the plasmapause/subauroral regions are carried out from the Halley Bay (UK) and to a more limited degree from the Sanae (South Africa) Stations in the Antarctic.
Resonant interactions between ELF/VLF waves and energetic particles are pervasive throughout the Earth’s magnetosphere and are believed to play a controlling role in the dynamics of the inner and outer radiation belts. A primary natural example of waves is the so-called ELF/VLF chorus, which is well known as the most intense electromagnetic emission in near-earth space, and which is a driver of electron precipitation, believed to be responsible for pulsating aurora and the morning side diffuse aurora. The generation mechanism of this intense coherent laser-like emission is not yet understood, in spite of many years of observations and theoretical analyses. Chorus occurs primarily on closed field lines, typically outside the plasmasphere, and can thus be optimally observed from Gakona. It is often associated with burst particle precipitation, leading to secondary ionization (as may be viewed with riometers and ionosondes), optical emissions (as may be viewed by photometers and all-sky cameras), x-rays (as may be observed on high
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altitude balllons), and micropulsations (ULF receivers), thus requiring coordinated sets of observations. A primary example of particle phenomena at subauroral latitudes are the relativistic electron enhancements, which are observed at geosynchronous orbit as well as on low altitude satellites (e.g., SAMPEX), and which are one of the important aspects of Space Weather. Although it is well known that these enhancements are associated with the solar wind, and in fact exhibit strong 27-day periodicity, how they are accelerated to relativistic energies is not yet known and is under debate. Wave-particle interactions are definitely involved, in ways not yet understood. Most of the present observations of this phenomena is being carried out on low-and high-altitude satellites. Ground-based observations of ionospheric effects of the associated precipitation enhancements can complement spacecraft data by providing continuity in time and by also documenting the associated wave activity. ELF/VLF chorus and relativistic electron enhancements are just two examples of subauroral phenomena which lend themselves to coordinated observation from the ground. Other waves that are prominently observed in subauroral regions include ion-cyclotron waves in the ULF range.

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An exciting component of the PARS ULF/ELF/VLF Project involves active generation of ULF/ELF/VLF waves by modulated HAARP HF heating. Such waves may well get amplified and lead to triggering of additional waves (i.e., at frequencies other than that is transmitted) as a result of interactions with energetic particles. Preliminary estimates indicate that once HAARP goes to full power it will be able to generate in-situ ELF/VLF wave power densities comparable to those injected from Siple Station, thus leading to initiation of well documented nonlinear effects, triggered VLF emissions, and even controlled precipitation of energetic electrons. Other HF heater facilities around the world (e.g., EISCAT) are located at latitudes generally too high to launch ULF/ELF/VLF waves on closed field lines. With HAARP, on the other hand, it may well be possible to observe the so-called whistler-mode two-hop echo, i.e., the ELF/VLF signal which is generated by modulating the electrojet overhead HAARP, which travels to the geomagnetically conjugate hemisphere, being amplified along the way and reflecting (specularly) from the sharp lower boundary of the ionosphere thereof, and travelling back to the hemisphere of origin, thus being observable there within a few seconds of its generation. At a later stage, it may also be possible to conduct ship-based observations of amplified and triggered waves in the geomagnetically conjugate region. At a minimum, a coordinated ULF/ELF/VLF campaign will involve an excellent set of passive observations of natural waves (e.g., chorus, ULF micropulsations) and associated ionospheric effects (precipitation, optical signatures etc, while at the same time quantifying the overhead ionosphere with the collection of outstanding instruments at HAARP. Better understanding of wave-particle interactions under controlled conditions will allow us to in turn understand high latitude phenomena which occur under less controlled circumstances, as well as contributing to the general knowledge base of ELF generation and propagation for communication purposes.
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2. SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND
A two-prong review of scientific literature and other background which was recently conducted provides scientific background that will guide the specific experiments to be conducted as part of the PARS ULF/ELF/VLF Project.
2.1. ELF/VLF Wave-injection experiments
The first goal of the study was to develop of a plan of ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments to launch ELF/VLF waves on closed field lines. The two main bases for this study are (i) the results of the ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments carried out with the Siple Station, Antarctica facility during 1974-1989, and (ii) the results of previous HF heater-induced ELF/VLF generation experiments, notably the Tromsø/EISCAT experiments. The study was focused on the two scientific issues of how to maximize the possibility of ducting of ELF/VLF signals between the two hemispheres by specifying geomagnetic conditions during which the highest L-shell ranges can be excited, and how to specify the transmitter frequency, modulation scheme (amplitude, phase, or frequency modulation), and patterns to maximize both excitation and detection of the waves. More specifically, this study aimed at producing a detailed account of the primary results of the relevant Siple Station experiments, and a plan of HAARP operations and associated observations to maximize the chances of detecting ducted two-hop echoes of HAARP-generated ELF/VLF signals and possible accompanying ionospheric effects, for example due to induced precipitation of energetic electrons.
Appendix A.1–A.5 Sections provide a summary of primary results of ELF/VLF generation experiments and the results of ELF/VLF wave injection experiments which have been carried out either by HF heaters or ground based ELF/VLF transmitters. Also summadrized are spacecraft observations of ELF/VLF waves injected into the magnetosphere by HF heaters and spacecraft observations of energetic electrons, amplified electromagnetic VLF waves and triggered VLF emissions. The primary theme unifying most of these observations is the fact that the phenomena become more pronouced both during and immediately following periods of moderate to strong geomagnetic activity, where Kp>3. Under these conditions, the auroral electrojet currents are generally increased, leading to larger HF-heating-induced conductivity changes and thus ELF/VLF currents and radiation. At the same time, large fluxes of energetic electrons are injected into the plasmasphere from the magnetotail, and these fluxes generally amplify the ELF/VLF waves which propagate through them. Furthermore during the magnetic disturbance and in the recovery phase immediately after the disturbance the contraction and expansion of the plasmasphere tends to produce plasma irregularities, some of which can duct ELF/VLF waves between conjugate hemispheres.
Although ELF/VLF waves may be more pronounced during periods of magnetic disturbance, the plasmaspheric ducts necessary to guide the HAARP-generated ELF/VLF waves will generally be located at magnetic latitudes which are much lower than the magnetic latitude of HAARP. Thus the HAARP generated ELF/VLF waves must travel further in the Earth -ionosphere waveguide before they enter the ducts, and their amplitude will be reduced because of additional attenuation and spreading in the waveguide. Thus if we wish to take advantage of the
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possible amplification of HAARP generated ELF/VLF waves, then a reasonable compromise for these conflicting requirements is needed. One compromise is to conduct the ELF/VLF wave injection experiments during the first few days following moderate to strong magnetic activity. In this quieting period the plasmasphere will expand towards the HAARP location, while at the same time the injected energetic electron fluxes within the plasmasphere will remain high, and significant amplification will remain a possibility. We also propose to establish a baseline for ELF/VLF wave injection experiments by performing them during magnetically quite times when the plasmasphere expands over the HAARP site. These experiments will involve ducted propagation of HAARP generated ELF/VLF waves to the conjugate hemisphere and back . Based on the above considerations, as well as the material provided in the Appendix, the following recommendations were formulated for the ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments to be conducted with the HAARP heater:
1) Carry out nighttime ELF/VLF wave injection experiments using the HAARP HF heater during magnetically quiet periods, as well as the first few days following moderate to strong magnetic disturbances.
2) Use a modulation pattern similar to that used at the Tromsø facility during successful ELF/VLF wave injection experiments. This pattern consists of a repeated series of five or more one second CW pulses at frequencies between 500 Hz and approximately 6 kHz. The upper frequency will be set to half of the equatorial electron gyrofrequency on the magnetic field line tangent to the plasmapause position, as estimated according to the degree of magnetic disturbance.
3) Point the HF beam toward the electrojet position in order to enhance the production of ELF/VLF waves.
2.2. ULF/ELF Wave-injection experiments
The second goal of the background study was to review the literature and develop a plan for ULF/ELF wave generation experiments. The main basis for the study are the results of ULF/ELF experiments at Arecibo, Tromsø, and HAARP.
Appendix A.6 provides a summary of relevant results of previous experiments. Concerning ULF/ELF wave-injection experiments, it is important to note that the wavelength of electromagnetic waves in the lower ELF (<100 Hz) and ULF frequency range is too large for these waves to become trapped in typical whistler mode ducts. However the plasmapause suface can form a guiding boundary for these waves, as well as for waves of higher frequencies [Inan and Bell, 1977]. ULF/ELF waves guided along the plasmapause boundary can echo back from the conjugate hemisphere with time delays of as much as a few minutes. Thus the duty cycle of the HAARP HF signal needs to be adjusted so that the echoing ULF signal can be detected without interference from HAARP. One straightforward strategy is to pulse and listen. When the echo is detected, its time delay is noted and the period of the pulse mode is adjusted to equal the wave time delay. In this manner the wave amplitude can be increased.
Willis and Davis [1976] appeared to have success in producing ULF/ELF waves in the frequency range 0.2 to 5 Hz by square wave modulating at ULF/ELF frequencies the power output of
5
the 1.3 MW, 14.7 kHz VLF transmitter at Cutler, Maine. The experiments were most successful when carried out during the quieting period following magnetic disturbances. The L-shell along which the ULF/ELF waves appeared to propagate lay in the range 3.9 to 4.8. This upper limit is close to the L-shell of HAARP. We propose to repeat the Willis and Davis [1976] experiments, as well as those successfully carried out by McCarrick et al. [1990] using the HIPAS HF heating facility.
3. SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS
A preliminary list of scientific questions have been formulated as a result of the review of relevant background. It is expected that these questions will be expanded in the course of further discussion among individual participants to the PARS ELF/ELF/VLF campaigns. The current list of important scientific questions include those which can be addressed during ULF/ELF/VLF wave injection experiments at HAARP. Some of these are directly related to the injected waves, while others are related to natural phenomena. The same instruments will be used to address both classes of experiments. We list the HAARP related questions first:
1) What are the magnitudes of fluxes of energetic particles precipitated from the radiation belts by ULF/ELF/VLF waves injected into the magnetosphere by HAARP ?
2) What is the mechanism by which the energetic particles are precipitated ? How efficient is this mechanism ?
3) How does the precipitated flux vary as a function of magnetic activity ?
4) What is the magnitude of the energetic particle flux precipitated by ELF/VLF chorus ?
5) How is ELF/VLF chorus related to pulsating aurora and the morning side diffuse aurora ?
6) What are the ionospheric effects of relativistic electron precipitation ?
To answer the questions listed above a constellation of ground-based instruments. In addition, data from the POLAR and CLUSTER-2 spacecraft will be important in determining the radiation belt fluxes during the wave injection experiments. Funding for analyzing the relevant spacecraft data will be provided through sources other than HAARP. The PARS ULF/ELF/VLF Project will involve targeted periods during which observational campaigns will be conducted, with all relevant instruments putting out a maximum effort for coordinated observations, of either the waves or their associated ionospheric and magnetospheric effects. The ULF/ELF/VLF team conducting these active experiments and passive observations will consist of selected scientists and engineers from the polar aeronomy and radio science community who will be encouraged to use the HAARP facility in a coordinated and focused manner in order to obtain the maximum scientific benefit from each usage.
All aspects of the HAARP ULF/ELF/VLF campaigns will be approved and organized by a Steering Committee. Required instruments will include appropriately placed ULF/ELF/VLF receiver(s) and other ionospheric sensors, such as riometers, photometers and all-sky cameras, ionosondes, coherent HF radars, and others yet to be determined. An important goal of the experiments will be to launch ULF/ELF/VLF waves on closed field lines under geomagnetically
6
quiet conditions and to detect two-hop reflected echoes of these waves (and any amplified or triggered components thereof) at appropriately placed sites near and around HAARP. Detection of HAARP-generated ULF/ELF/VLF waves in this manner would set the stage for an entirely new set of magnetospheric excitation and probing experiments that can uniquely be conducted with the HAARP facility. A much broader set of phenomena can be investigated with HAARP compared to the >1.2 kHz excitation which was practical in Siple Station, Antarctica experiments, since with HAARP it is possible to excite waves at frequencies below 1 kHz, including waves in the low-ELF (<300 Hz) range and ULF ion-cyclotron waves at a few Hz.
We propose to address the scientific questions by means of coordinated observations carried out in three separate four week campaigns. The campaigns would take place in Fall 2001 and 2002, and in Spring 2002. Seed research funding to cover incremental costs, such transportation, travel, food/lodging for each campaign will be provided to participating team members as required. Team members will be encouraged to obtain funding for data analysis and interpretation from other agencies, such as NSF. The precise time and duration of each ULF/ELF/VLF wave injection campaign will be established in consultation with the management team of the HAARP project.
The specific goal of each campaign will be to answer one or more of the science questions listed above. Deliverables will consist of the science data sets acquired during the campaigns. Analysed data sets will be available to the public through the HAARP web page.
7
A. APPENDIX: REVIEW OF EXISTING SCIENTIFIC DATA
Below we discuss the salient points of our review of the relevant data concerning ULF/ELF/VLF generation by HF heaters, ULF/ELF/VLF wave injection into the magnetosphere, and spacecraft observations of ULF/ELF/VLF waves and energetic electrons.
A.1 Siple Station Experiments
Stanford University has had many years of experience with ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments carried out with the Siple Station, Antarctica facility during 1974-1989. In these experiments, 1.2 to 7 kHz waves were launched on field lines ranging from L =5 to L =3, with ducting, amplification, and emission triggering occurring in many cases. In 1973 and 1974 ducted signals were observed on approximately 20% of the total number of days, and on these days ducting occurred over intervals of 4 to 8 hours [Carpenter and Miller, 1976, 1983; Carpenter, 1981; Carpenter and Bao, 1983]. Ducted signal propagation occurred most frequently during the quieting periods following magnetic disturbances. The experiments were conducted for a wide range of transmitter radiated power levels, and geomagnetic conditions. The minimum radiated power for wave growth and emission triggering was approximately1W[Helliwell et al., 1980]. Experience with Siple indicates that the selection of geomagnetic conditions and transmitter frequency and modulation are critically important to the success of ELF/VLF wave injection experiments.
Although the Siple transmitter signals were not observed to be ducted for L> 5, this is thought to be due to a poor signal to noise ratio for these signals, since they lose power as a result of wave spreading loss and attenuation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide as they propagate from the transmitter location at L =4.2 to ducts at L> 5. In fact lightning generated whistlers, which in general have much higher amplitudes than the typical signals from Siple, have been observed to propagate in the ducted mode on L shells as high as L =8 [Carpenter, 1981]. Thus there is good reason to expect that whistler mode ducts will be present in the vicinity of HAARP.
A.2 Tromsø Experiments
Electromagnetic waves in the 200 Hz to 6.5 kHz frequency range have been generated by the Max Planck Institute’s HF heating facility near Tromsø, Norway, through modulation of the overhead auroral electrojet currents. The Tromsø experimental data, as well as theoretical models interpreting the data, have been published in a long series of papers spanning more than a decade [e.g., Stubbe and Kopka, 1977; Stubbe et al., 1981, 1982; Barr and Stubbe, 1984a, 1984b; 1991a, 1991b; Rietveld et al., 1987, 1989; James, 1985 ]. Below we list the most important features of these experiments.
1) The Tromsø HF ionospheric heating facility successfully produced electromagnetic waves in the 200 Hz to 6.5 kHz frequency range with an amplitude of approximately 1 pT as measured on the ground. The ELF/VLF wave amplitude was roughly constant between 2–6 kHz, but dropped by 3 dB at the lower end of the frequency range.
8
2) The HF heater frequency generally lay within the three frequency bands: 2.75 -4 MHz, 3.85 -5.6 MHz, and 5.5 -8 MHz, and the HF signal was generally 100% amplitude modulated with a square wave.
3) The HF radiated power was approximately 1 MW, and the effective radiated power (ERP) generally lay in the range of 200 to 300 MW.
4) It was generally found that X-mode polarization of the HF signal resulted in a more intense radiated ELF/VLF signal than O-mode polarization.
5) The ELF/VLF signal strength was highly correlated with magnetic activity, and significantly more intense ELF/VLF waves were produced during periods of moderate geomagnetic disturbance with Kp∼ 3.
6) The amplitude of the ELF waves was essentially independent of the ERP of the HF signal, but depended only on the total HF power delivered to the ionosphere.
7) The ratio of heating to cooling time constants ranged from  1 at 510 Hz to  0.3 at 6 kHz.
The Tromsø facility was also used to excite ULF waves in the 1.67 -700 mHz frequency range [Stubbe and Kopka, 1981; Stubbe et al., 1985; Maul et al., 1990. A variety of HF modulation schemes were attempted. The amplitude of the excited ULF waves were of the order of 100 -10,000 pT.
A.3 Arecibo, HIPAS, and HAARP ELF/VLF Experiments
The high power HF ionospheric heating facilities at the Arecibo, HIPAS, and HAARP Observatories have been used in a number of campaigns to modulate ionospheric current systemsw at ELF/VLF frequencies in order to produce ELF/VLF waves. At Arecibo, the equatorial dynamo current was modulated and ELF/VLF waves were produced over the frequency range of 500 Hz to 5 kHz using a heater frequency of approximately 3 MHz and a total HF input power of 800 kW, with an ERP of 160 -320 MW [Ferraro et al., 1982]. There was also evidence that the HF heater sometimes created ducts along which VLF signals could propagate into the conjugate ionosphere [ it M. Starks, 2000].
At HIPAS, the HF heater was used to create ELF/VLF waves through three different modulation techniques, amplitude modulation, phase modulation, and beat-frequency modulation [Wong et al.,1995]. Amplitude modulation appeared to be generally the most efficient. The generation of ELF/VLF waves at HIPAS was most successful when the electrojet was overhead, when there was low D region absorption, and when energetic particle precipitation and visible aurora were not overhead [Wong et al.,1996]. Enhancement of the ELF/VLF wave amplitude could sometimes be achieved by pointing the HF beam in a direction other than vertical, leading to the conclusion that ELF/VLF wave production is optimized when the HF beam has is pointed toward the electrojet position [Garnier et al., 1998].
ELF wave generation at HAARP has been carried out using varying frequency and polarization [Milikh et al., 1998]. Results implied that the polarization of the generated ELF wave can
9
be controlled by changing the frequency or polarization of the heating HF waves. The efficiency of ELF wave generation at HAARP has also been studied as a function of HF frequency and polarization and ELF frequency and waveform [Rowland and McCarrick, 2000]. Results indicated that the largest ELF signal was produced when the HF frequency was 3.3 MHz in x-mode with 100% square wave modulation and the ELF frequency was approximately 1 kHz.
A.4 Spacecraft Observations
The efficacy of the use of a modulated HF heater to inject ELF/VLF waves into the magetosphere has been demonstrated using four spacecraft: DE-1, ISIS-1, Aureol-3, and EXOS-D [James et al., 1984,1990; Berthelier et al.,1983; Wong et al.,1995]. Waves in the frequency range 525 Hz -5.85 kHz produced by the Tromsø heating facility were observed during passes of these spacecraft near the heater. The HF frequencies used during these observations were 2.759 and 4.04 MHz. The HF carrier waves were square wave modulated, either at a series of four frequencies (0.525,1.725, 2.925, and 4. kHz) or five frequencies (0.525, 1.525, 2.225, 2.925, 4.425, and 5.925). In all cases the pulse length at each frequency was one second. The total HF power was 1.08 MW, and the polarization was periodically switched between x-mode and o-mode. In general the x-mode polarization produced the most intense ELF/VLF signals at the spacecraft location. Harmonics of the ELF/VLF modulating signals were also observed, as would be expected for square wave modulation.
During the ISIS observations it was found that amplitude of the ELF/VLF signals at the spacecraft were approximately 10 dB stronger than the amplitude of the ELF/VLF signals measured on the ground near the HF facility. The highest amplitude ELF/VLF signals observed by the spacecraft were those at 525 Hz and 1.75 kHz. From the DE-1 data the power output from the modulated electrojet was estimated to be approximately 30 W.
A.5 Amplification of ELF/VLF Waves
Within the plasmasphere, discrete VLF emissions are commonly triggered by externally injected discrete whistler mode waves such as lightning generated whistlers and fixed frequency signals from ground based VLF transmitters, with peak emission intensities reaching values as large as 16 pT [Bell, 1985 ]. During this process the input waves can be amplified by 30 dB or more. It is commonly believed that the amplification of the input waves and the triggering of emissions takes place near the magnetic equator through a gyroresonance interaction between ∼ 1-20 keV energetic electrons and the triggering wave in which the particle pitch angles are altered and free energy is transferred from the particles to the waves [Helliwell, 1967; Matsumoto and Kimura, 1971; Omura, et al., 1991; Nunn and Smith 1996 ]. Understanding the physical mechanism of the emission process is important since these interactions can directly affect the lifetimes of the resonant electrons.
Recently, simultaneous ELF/VLF plasma wave data and 0.1 -20 keV energetic electron data have been acquired with the PWI and HYDRA instruments on the POLAR spacecraft during periods when VLF emissions were triggered by VLF transmitter signals [Bell et al., 2000]. It was found that in all cases the pitch angle distribution of the resonant electrons is highly anisotropic,
10
with the average electron energy transverse to Earth’s magnetic field exceeding that parallel by a large factor. According to theory, this type of electron distribution can greatly amplify ELF/VLF waves which propagate through it, and this undoubtedly is the cause of the observed amplification and emission triggering [Bell et al., 2000]. It was also found that amplification of 20 dB or more appeared to require a minimum perpendicular energy flux at 20 keV at the
magnetic equator of ∼ 6 × 106(cm2 − s − sr)−1. This flux level was observed to occur under conditions of moderate to strong magnetic activity when Kp > 3 , and it was equaled on only 3 equatorial dawn passes in January, 1997, and emissions were observed on 2 of these 3. However, amplification without emission triggering appeared to commonly occur at lower flux levels.
A.6 Excitation of ULF and Lower-ELF Waves
No wave-injection experiments were carried out in the lower ELF and ULF range using the Siple Station, Antarctica, transmitter, since the Siple transmitter was not usable at frequencies below about 1.2 kHz. However, there have been other attempts at generating ULF waves. For example, the U. S. Navy VLF transmitter at Cutler, Maine, was square wave modulated at frequencies of 0.2, 1, and 5 Hz over the course of one month [Willis and Davis, 1976]. Micropulsations occurred on a number of occasions at harmonics of the transmitter modulation frequency. These events all occurred in the quieting period following geomagnetically active days. In addition, as mentioned above, The Tromsø facility has been used to excite ULF waves in the Pc 5 frequency range [Stubbe and Kopka, 1981.
There is some evidence that ULF waves can be excited more efficiently by heating the E or F regions rather than the D region. For example, according to the model of C. L. Chang [1996], the plasma density changes in the E or F regions produced by the heater can engender larger conductivity changes than can be produced in the D region through collision frequency variations. At higher frequencies, 6 -76 Hz, the HIPAS HF heater has been used to generate ELF waves through modulation of the polar electrojet [McCarrick et al., 1990;Wong et al., 1996]. ELF wave magnetic fields at the ground were approximately 1 pT. At HAARP ELF waves have also been produced at frequencies as low as 10 Hz at amplitudes of order 1 pT [Rowland and McCarrick, 2000].

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REFERENCES
1.
Barr, R., and P. Stubbe, The ’polar electrojet antenna’ as a source of ELF radiation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide, J.Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 315, 1984.
2.
Barr, R., and P. Stubbe, ELF radiation from the Tromsø”super heater” facility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1035, 1991.
3.
Barr, R., and P. Stubbe, On the ELF generation efficiency of the Tromsø heater facility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1971, 1991.
4.
Bell, T.F., High amplitude VLF transmitter signals and associated sidebands observed near the magnetic equatorial plane on the ISEE 1 satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2792, 1985.
5.
Carpenter, D. L., and T. R. Miller, Ducted magnetospheric propagation of signals from the Siple, Antarctica, VLF transmitter, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1976.
6.
Carpenter, D. L., A study of the outer limits of ducted whistler propagation in the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 839, 1981.
7.
Carpenter, D. L., and Z.T.Bao, Occurrence properties of ducted whistler-mode signals from the new VLF transmitter at Siple Station, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 7051, 1983.
8.
Carpenter, D. L., and T. R. Miller, Rare ground-based observations of Siple VLF transmitter signals outside the plasmapause, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10227, 1983.
9.
Chang, C.-L., ULF generation by electrojet modulation usingground-based HF heaters, RF Ionospheric Interactions Workshop, April, 1998.
10.
Ferraro, A. J., H. S. Lee, R. Allshouse, K. Carroll, A. A. Tomko, F. J. Kelly, and R. G. Joiner, VLF/ELF radiation from the ionospheric dynamo current system modulated by powerful HF signals, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 44, 1113, 1982.
11.
Garnier, D., J. Pau, and A. Y. Wong, Beam steering optimization of VLF production with active feedback, RF Ionospheric Interactions Workshop, April, 1998.
12.
Helliwell, R. A., A theory of discrete emissions from the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 4773, 1967.
13.
Helliwell, R. A., D. L. Carpenter, and T. R. Miller, Power threshold for growth of coherent VLF signals in the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 85,3360, 1980.
14.
Inan, U. S., and T. F. Bell, The plasmapause as a VLF waveguide, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 2819, 1977.
15.
James, H. G., R. L. Dowden, M. T. Rietveld, P. Stubbe, and H. Kopka, Simultaneous observations of ELF waves from an artificially modulated auroral electrojet in space and on the ground, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 1655, 1984.
12
16.
James, H.G., U. S. Inan, and M. T. Rietveld, Observations on the DE-1 spacecraft of ELF/VLF waves generated by an ionospheric heater, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 12,187, 1990.
17.
McCarrick, M. J., D. D. Sentman, A. Y. Wong, R. F. Wuerker, and B. Chouinard, Excitation of ELF waves in the Schumann resonance range by modulated HF heating of the polar electrojet, Radio Science, 25, 1291, 1990.
18.
Milikh, G. M., K. Papadopoulos, M. McMarrick, and J. Preston, ELF emission generated by the HAARP HF-heater using varying frequency and polarization, RF Ionospheric Interactions Workshop, April, 1998.
19.
Nunn, D., and A. J. Smith, Numerical simulation of whistler-triggered VLF emissions observed in Antactica, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 5261, 1996.
20.
Omura, Y., D. Nunn, H. Matsumoto, and M. J. Rycroft, A review of observational, theoretical and nemerical studies of VLF triggered emissions, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 351, 1991.
21.
Pau, J., H. R. Zwi, A. Y. Wong, and D. Sentman, Meridian scan of electrojet using ELF/VLF modulation, RF Ionospheric Interactions Workshop, April, 1996.
22.
Rietveld, M. T., P. Stubbe, and H. Kopka, On the frequency dependence of ELF/VLF waves produced by modulated ionospheric heating, Radio Science, 24, 270, 1989.
23.
Rowland, H., and M. McCarrick, ELF generation: Theory and experiments, RF Ionospheric Interactions Workshop, April, 2000.
24.
Starks, M., Transhemispheric propagation of VLF transmissions in the presence of ionospheric heating, RF Ionospheric Interactions Workshop, April, 2000.
25.
Stubbe, P., and H. Kopka, Generation of Pc 5 pulsations by polar electrojet modulation: first experimental evidence, J. Geophys. Res., 1606, 1981.
26.
Stubbe, P., H. Kopka, M. T. Rietveld, and R. L. Dowden, ELF and VLF generation by modulated HF heating of the current carrying lower ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 44, 1123, 1982.
27.
Stubbe,P., H. Kopka, M. T. Rietveld, A. Frey, P. Høeg, H. Kohl, E. Nielsen, G. Rose, C. LaHoz, R. Barr, H. Derblom, A. Hedberg, B. Thide,T. B. Jones, T. Robinson, A. Brekke,
T. Hansen, and O. Holt, Ionospheric modification experiments with the Tromsø heating facility, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 47, 1151, 1985.
28. Willis, J. W., and J. D. Davis, VLF stimulation of geomagnetic micropulsations, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1976.
Attachment D
ELF/VLF Wave-Injection via Modulated HF Heating of the Ionosphere
Umran S. Inan
Space, Telecommunications and Radioscience Laboratory
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
http://www-star.stanford.edu/~vlf/
1
VLF Wave-injection Experiments
°
NSF-funded Stanford experiment (1973-88)
°
VLF waves (~2-6 kHz) injected from Siple Station, Antarctica
°
150 kW transmitter
°
Tuned with large capacitors and coils
°
VLF receiver at Roberval, Quebec
°
Controlled studies of cyclotron resonant wave-particle interactions
°
Uncovered many aspects
of wave growth and emission triggering 2
Injected VLF Signals are Amplified
and Trigger Intense Emissions
3
4
Threshold for Growth/Triggering
° Siple transmitter signals often amplified by 10 to 30 dB and new emissions are triggered for input B
w>Bth
° Minimum radiated power for growth and triggering was measured to be ~1 Watt [Helliwell et al., 1980]
Chirped Modulation Leads to
More Rapid Growth
5
Coherent Growth & Triggering
6
7
ELF/VLF Wave-Injection
Experiments with HAARP
HAARP March 2002 Campaign
° Specially designed ELF/VLF formats were
transmitted for 10 hrs/night for ~2 weeks
8
9
Whistlers and Triggered
Emissions at Chistochina
10
HAARP ELF/VLF Signals
HAARP Signals at Chistochina
11
and at Crosswind Lake
12
HAARP VLF & Natural Signals
13
Whistlers and HAARP Signals
14
Beam at 30o South
15
HAARP at Chistochina
16
Very Strong HAARP VLF Signals
17
Whistler Echo Train
18
HAARP VLF & Natural Emissions
19
Daily Variation of HAARP VLF
20
Vertical Orientation 04: to 05: UT
21
Beam Swinging 07: to 08: UT
22
More Beam Swinging
23
HAARP 2125 Hz Signal at
Chistochina & Crosswind Lake
24
2125 Hz at Chistochina
25
N-S at Chistochina
26
Summary
°
ELF/VLF signal intensities at similar distances on the ground were found to be typically fractions to a few pT (rarely up to 10 pT) in Tromso/EISCAT experiments [e.g., Barr et al., 1985]
°
Intensities ~2 kHz HAARP signals range from a typical value of ~0.3 pT to 20 pT for 2 to 4 kHz frequencies Simple analysis (assuming a line current at ~80 km, and lateral diameter of ~40 km) indicates that:
° Radiated power = 0.2 (Bf)2 for <3 kHz (near-field)
w
° Radiated power = 6 B2 for >3 kHz (far-field)
w
°
It thus appears that VLF power radiated via modulated HF transmissions with the present HAARP facility may typically be <1 Watts but may sometimes be as high as a few hundred Watts
°
Proposed completion of HAARP to full capability can provide for 10-20 dB higher signal levels
° Threshold for growth & triggering may be regularly exceeded
27
Power Threshold for Growth
°
Multiple ducts excited at full power
°
Ducts drop out with reduced power, until there is only one
°
Minimum radiated power is ~1 Watt
°
HAARP occasionally exceeds this threshold
°
Two-hop echo can be observed, if ducts are available
28
29
Siple Experiments
°
Amplified signals and triggered emissions were observed for many hours per day
°
Two-hop echoes were observed 20 to 30% of the time when one-hop was observed
° Wide range of L-shells were excited

http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/archivos_pdf/probing_with_HAARP.pdf

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POLAR AERONOMY AND RADIO SCIENCE (PARS)
ULF/ELF/VLF PROJECT

U. S. Inan and T. F. Bell

STAR Laboratory, Stanford University

 

 



 

 

Outline

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND

    2.1. ELF/VLF Wave-injection experiments

    2.2. ULF/ELF Wave-injection experiments

3. SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS

4. PARS ULF/ELF/VLF CAMPAIGN STRATEGY

    4.1. Basic program of wave injection experiments

    4.2. Extended program of wave injection experiments

A. APPENDIX: REVIEW OF EXISTING SCIENTIFIC DATA

    A.1 Siple Station Experiments

    A.2 Tromsø Experiments

    A.3 Arecibo, HIPAS, and HAARP ELF/VLF Experiments

    A.4 Spacecraft Observation

    A.5 Amplification of ELF/VLF Waves

    A.6 Excitation of ULF and Lower-ELF Waves

REFERENCES

 

 

1. INTRODUCTION

The collection of state-of-the-art (and in some cases unique) geophysical instruments at or

near the HAARP Gakona site, as well as the capability for active ionospheric modification

and ULF/ELF/VLF wave-injection with the HAARP heater, provide an outstanding opportunity

for experiments aimed at studying the mechanisms and effects (both ionospheric and magnetospheric)

of wave-particle interaction processes, in subauroral regions near and immediately

outside the plasmapause. The L-value of Gakona (L=4.89) is within the range of L-shells explored

in an extensive set of coordinated ionospheric and magnetospheric experiments conducted

from Siple Station, Antarctica (L = 4.2). These experiments included a wide range of ELF/VLF

(1.5 to 7 kHz) wave-injection experiments accompanied by a host of passive ionospheric diagnostics,

including optical imaging, photometers, riometers, ULF micropulsations, ionosondes,

and magnetometers, and were conducted during 1970s and 1980s. Active wave-injection and

passive geophysical observations from Siple Station were often coordinated with high and low

altitudes satellites, such as ISIS-1,2, IMP-6, ISEE-1, and DE-1 and DE-2. No such experiments

have been carried out since the closure of Siple Station in 1988 due to logistical difficulties in

maintaining this dedicated Antarctic facility. At present, some coordinated geophysical observations

of the plasmapause/subauroral regions are carried out from the Halley Bay (UK) and to

a more limited degree from the Sanae (South Africa) Stations in the Antarctic.

Resonant interactions between ELF/VLF waves and energetic particles are pervasive throughout

the Earth’s magnetosphere and are believed to play a controlling role in the dynamics of the

inner and outer radiation belts. A primary natural example of waves is the so-called ELF/VLF

chorus, which is well known as the most intense electromagnetic emission in near-earth space,

and which is a driver of electron precipitation, believed to be responsible for pulsating aurora and

the morning side diffuse aurora. The generation mechanism of this intense coherent laser-like

emission is not yet understood, in spite of many years of observations and theoretical analyses.

Chorus occurs primarily on closed field lines, typically outside the plasmasphere, and can thus be

optimally observed from Gakona. It is often associated with burst particle precipitation, leading

to secondary ionization (as may be viewed with riometers and ionosondes), optical emissions

(as may be viewed by photometers and all-sky cameras), x-rays (as may be observed on high

altitude balllons), and micropulsations (ULF receivers), thus requiring coordinated sets of observations.

A primary example of particle phenomena at subauroral latitudes are the relativistic

electron enhancements, which are observed at geosynchronous orbit as well as on low altitude

satellites (e.g., SAMPEX), and which are one of the important aspects of Space Weather. Although

it is well known that these enhancements are associated with the solar wind, and in

fact exhibit strong 27-day periodicity, how they are accelerated to relativistic energies is not yet

known and is under debate. Wave-particle interactions are definitely involved, in ways not yet

understood. Most of the present observations of this phenomena is being carried out on lowand

high-altitude satellites. Ground-based observations of ionospheric effects of the associated

precipitation enhancements can complement spacecraft data by providing continuity in time and

by also documenting the associated wave activity. ELF/VLF chorus and relativistic electron

enhancements are just two examples of subauroral phenomena which lend themselves to coordinated

observation from the ground. Other waves that are prominently observed in subauroral

regions include ion-cyclotron waves in the ULF range.

An exciting component of the PARS ULF/ELF/VLF Project involves active generation of

ULF/ELF/VLF waves by modulated HAARP HF heating. Such waves may well get amplified

and lead to triggering of additional waves (i.e., at frequencies other than that is transmitted) as a

result of interactions with energetic particles. Preliminary estimates indicate that once HAARP

goes to full power it will be able to generate in-situ ELF/VLF wave power densities comparable

to those injected from Siple Station, thus leading to initiation of well documented nonlinear

effects, triggered VLF emissions, and even controlled precipitation of energetic electrons. Other

HF heater facilities around the world (e.g., EISCAT) are located at latitudes generally too high to

launch ULF/ELF/VLF waves on closed field lines. With HAARP, on the other hand, it may well

be possible to observe the so-called whistler-mode two-hop echo, i.e., the ELF/VLF signal which

is generated by modulating the electrojet overhead HAARP, which travels to the geomagnetically

conjugate hemisphere, being amplified along the way and reflecting (specularly) from the sharp

lower boundary of the ionosphere thereof, and travelling back to the hemisphere of origin, thus

being observable there within a few seconds of its generation. At a later stage, it may also be

possible to conduct ship-based observations of amplified and triggered waves in the geomagnetically

conjugate region. At a minimum, a coordinated ULF/ELF/VLF campaign will involve

an excellent set of passive observations of natural waves (e.g., chorus, ULF micropulsations)

and associated ionospheric effects (precipitation, optical signatures etc, while at the same time

quantifying the overhead ionosphere with the collection of outstanding instruments at HAARP.

Better understanding of wave-particle interactions under controlled conditions will allow us to

in turn understand high latitude phenomena which occur under less controlled circumstances,

as well as contributing to the general knowledge base of ELF generation and propagation for

communication purposes.

 

2. SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND

A two-prong review of scientific literature and other background which was recently conducted

provides scientific background that will guide the specific experiments to be conducted as part

of the PARS ULF/ELF/VLF Project.

 

2.1. ELF/VLF Wave-injection experiments

The first goal of the study was to develop of a plan of ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments

to launch ELF/VLF waves on closed field lines. The two main bases for this study are (i) the

results of the ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments carried out with the Siple Station, Antarctica

facility during 1974-1989, and (ii) the results of previousHFheater-induced ELF/VLF generation

experiments, notably the Tromsø/EISCAT experiments. The study was focused on the two

scientific issues of how to maximize the possibility of ducting of ELF/VLF signals between the

two hemispheres by specifying geomagnetic conditions during which the highest L-shell ranges

can be excited, and how to specify the transmitter frequency, modulation scheme (amplitude,

phase, or frequency modulation), and patterns to maximize both excitation and detection of

the waves. More specifically, this study aimed at producing a detailed account of the primary

results of the relevant Siple Station experiments, and a plan of HAARP operations and associated

observations to maximize the chances of detecting ducted two-hop echoes of HAARP-generated

ELF/VLF signals and possible accompanying ionospheric effects, for example due to induced

precipitation of energetic electrons.

Appendix A.1–A.5 Sections provide a summary of primary results of ELF/VLF generation

experiments and the results of ELF/VLFwave injection experiments which have been carried out

either by HF heaters or ground based ELF/VLF transmitters. Also summadrized are spacecraft

observations of ELF/VLF waves injected into the magnetosphere by HF heaters and spacecraft

observations of energetic electrons, amplified electromagnetic VLF waves and triggered VLF

emissions. The primary theme unifying most of these observations is the fact that the phenomena

become more pronouced both during and immediately following periods of moderate to strong

geomagnetic activity, where Kp>3. Under these conditions, the auroral electrojet currents

are generally increased, leading to larger HF-heating-induced conductivity changes and thus

ELF/VLF currents and radiation. At the same time, large fluxes of energetic electrons are

injected into the plasmasphere from the magnetotail, and these fluxes generally amplify the

ELF/VLF waves which propagate through them. Furthermore during the magnetic disturbance

and in the recovery phase immediately after the disturbance the contraction and expansion of the

plasmasphere tends to produce plasma irregularities, some of which can duct ELF/VLF waves

between conjugate hemispheres.

Although ELF/VLF waves may be more pronounced during periods of magnetic disturbance,

the plasmaspheric ducts necessary to guide the HAARP-generated ELF/VLF waves will generally

be located at magnetic latitudes which are much lower than the magnetic latitude of

HAARP. Thus the HAARP generated ELF/VLF waves must travel further in the Earth - ionosphere

waveguide before they enter the ducts, and their amplitude will be reduced because of

additional attenuation and spreading in the waveguide. Thus if we wish to take advantage of the

possible amplification of HAARP generated ELF/VLF waves, then a reasonable compromise

for these conflicting requirements is needed. One compromise is to conduct the ELF/VLF wave

injection experiments during the first few days following moderate to strong magnetic activity.

In this quieting period the plasmasphere will expand towards the HAARP location, while at the

same time the injected energetic electron fluxes within the plasmasphere will remain high, and

significant amplification will remain a possibility. We also propose to establish a baseline for

ELF/VLFwave injection experiments by performing them during magnetically quite times when

the plasmasphere expands over the HAARP site. These experiments will involve ducted propagation

of HAARP generated ELF/VLF waves to the conjugate hemisphere and back . Based on

the above considerations, as well as the material provided in the Appendix, the following recommendations

were formulated for the ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments to be conducted

with the HAARP heater:

1) Carry out nighttime ELF/VLF wave injection experiments using the HAARP HF heater

during magnetically quiet periods, as well as the first few days following moderate to

strong magnetic disturbances.

2) Use a modulation pattern similar to that used at the Tromsø facility during successful

ELF/VLF wave injection experiments. This pattern consists of a repeated series of five or

more one second CW pulses at frequencies between 500 Hz and approximately 6 kHz. The

upper frequency will be set to half of the equatorial electron gyrofrequency on the magnetic

field line tangent to the plasmapause position, as estimated according to the degree of

magnetic disturbance.

3) Point the HF beam toward the electrojet position in order to enhance the production of

ELF/VLF waves.

 

2.2. ULF/ELF Wave-injection experiments

The second goal of the background study was to review the literature and develop a plan for

ULF/ELFwave generation experiments. The main basis for the study are the results of ULF/ELF

experiments at Arecibo, Tromsø, and HAARP.

Appendix A.6 provides a summary of relevant results of previous experiments. Concerning

ULF/ELF wave-injection experiments, it is important to note that the wavelength of electromagnetic

waves in the lower ELF (<100 Hz) and ULF frequency range is too large for these

waves to become trapped in typical whistler mode ducts. However the plasmapause suface can

form a guiding boundary for these waves, as well as for waves of higher frequencies [Inan and

Bell, 1977]. ULF/ELF waves guided along the plasmapause boundary can echo back from the

conjugate hemisphere with time delays of as much as a few minutes. Thus the duty cycle of the

HAARP HF signal needs to be adjusted so that the echoing ULF signal can be detected without

interference from HAARP. One straightforward strategy is to pulse and listen. When the echo is

detected, its time delay is noted and the period of the pulse mode is adjusted to equal the wave

time delay. In this manner the wave amplitude can be increased.

Willis and Davis [1976] appeared to have success in producing ULF/ELF waves in the frequency

range 0.2 to 5Hz by squarewave modulating at ULF/ELF frequencies the power output of

the 1.3MW, 14.7 kHz VLF transmitter at Cutler, Maine. The experiments were most successful

when carried out during the quieting period following magnetic disturbances. The L-shell along

which the ULF/ELF waves appeared to propagate lay in the range 3.9 to 4.8. This upper limit is

close to the L-shell of HAARP. We propose to repeat the Willis and Davis [1976] experiments,

as well as those successfully carried out by McCarrick et al. [1990] using the HIPAS HF heating

facility.

 

3. SCIENTIFIC QUESTIONS

A preliminary list of scientific questions have been formulated as a result of the review of

relevant background. It is expected that these questions will be expanded in the course of further

discussion among individual participants to the PARS ELF/ELF/VLF campaigns. The current

list of important scientific questions include those which can be addressed during ULF/ELF/VLF

wave injection experiments at HAARP. Some of these are directly related to the injected waves,

while others are related to natural phenomena. The same instruments will be used to address

both classes of experiments. We list the HAARP related questions first:

1) What are the magnitudes of fluxes of energetic particles precipitated from the radiation

belts by ULF/ELF/VLF waves injected into the magnetosphere by HAARP ?

2) What is the mechanism by which the energetic particles are precipitated ? How efficient is

this mechanism ?

3) How does the precipitated flux vary as a function of magnetic activity ?

4) What is the magnitude of the energetic particle flux precipitated by ELF/VLF chorus ?

5) How is ELF/VLF chorus related to pulsating aurora and the morning side diffuse aurora ?

6) What are the ionospheric effects of relativistic electron precipitation ?

To answer the questions listed above a constellation of ground-based instruments. In addition,

data from the POLAR and CLUSTER-2 spacecraft will be important in determining the radiation

belt fluxes during the wave injection experiments. Funding for analyzing the relevant spacecraft

data will be provided through sources other than HAARP. The PARS ULF/ELF/VLF Project

will involve targeted periods during which observational campaigns will be conducted, with all

relevant instruments putting out a maximum effort for coordinated observations, of either the

waves or their associated ionospheric and magnetospheric effects. The ULF/ELF/VLF team

conducting these active experiments and passive observations will consist of selected scientists

and engineers from the polar aeronomy and radio science community who will be encouraged

to use the HAARP facility in a coordinated and focused manner in order to obtain the maximum

scientific benefit from each usage.

All aspects of the HAARP ULF/ELF/VLF campaigns will be approved and organized by a

Steering Committee. Required instruments will include appropriately placed ULF/ELF/VLF

receiver(s) and other ionospheric sensors, such as riometers, photometers and all-sky cameras,

ionosondes, coherent HF radars, and others yet to be determined. An important goal of the

experiments will be to launch ULF/ELF/VLF waves on closed field lines under geomagnetically

quiet conditions and to detect two-hop reflected echoes of these waves (and any amplified or

triggered components thereof) at appropriately placed sites near and around HAARP. Detection

of HAARP-generated ULF/ELF/VLFwaves in this mannerwould set the stage for an entirely new

set of magnetospheric excitation and probing experiments that can uniquely be conducted with the

HAARP facility. A much broader set of phenomena can be investigated with HAARP compared

to the >1.2 kHz excitation which was practical in Siple Station, Antarctica experiments, since

with HAARP it is possible to excite waves at frequencies below 1 kHz, including waves in the

low-ELF (<300 Hz) range and ULF ion-cyclotron waves at a few Hz.

We propose to address the scientific questions by means of coordinated observations carried

out in three separate campaigns. The campaigns would take place in Fall 2001 and 2002, and

in Spring 2002. Seed research funding to cover incremental costs, such transportation, travel,

food/lodging for each campaign will be provided to participating team members as required.

Team members will be encouraged to obtain funding for data analysis and interpretation from

other agencies, such as NSF. The precise time and duration of each ULF/ELF/VLFwave injection

campaign will be established in consultation with the management team of the HAARP project,

although a preliminary basic campaign strategy is discussed in the next Section.

The specific goal of each campaign will be to answer one or more of the science questions

listed above. Deliverables will consist of the science data sets acquired during the campaigns.

Analysed data sets will be available to the public through the HAARP web page.

 

4. PARS ULF/ELF/VLF CAMPAIGN STRATEGY

A preliminary observational strategy for the ULF/ELF/VLF campaigns is provided below, with

special emphasis on the timing and duration of modulated HAARP transmissions.

 

4.1. Basic program of wave injection experiments

The scientific questions listed above will be addressed in the context of three separate campaigns,

taking place in Fall 2001, Spring 2002, and Fall 2002. To conserve the limited resources of

the HAARP program, the ULF/ELF/VLF campaigns would take place during the same time

as the HAARP campaigns already planned for Fall 2001, Spring 2002. and Fall 2002.The

ULF/ELF/VLF wave injection experiments will primarily be conducted during the first few

days following moderate to strong magnetic activity. In this quieting period the plasmasphere

expands towards the HAARP location, while at the same time energetic electron fluxes injected

into the plasmasphere from the tail of the magnetosphere remain high, enhancing the chances

of significant amplification of the injected waves.

On average there are approximately three quiet days following the typical disturbed day.

During the campaign the wave injection experiments will not in general be undertaken on

disturbed days. Use will be made of the data from the NOAA Space Environment Center

in order to predict at least one day in advance the days expected to be disturbed. HAARP

ULF/ELF/VLF wave injection transmissions will begin on the day following the disturbed day

or days.

Energetic electron data from the POLAR spacecraft show that injected energetic electron

fluxes are most intense within the plasmasphere in the midnight to dawn local time sector.

Consequently it is expected that wave amplification would be more prevalent in this region. In

view of this situation the wave injection experiments will intially be confined to the 0000-0600
local time period.

According to this plan the wave injection experiments would be carried out on approximately

15 days out of the ~21 days of each campaign. The number of hours of dedicated HAARP

operations during each of the 15 days will be determined via negotations with the HAARP

Program management.

[Try]

Part 3 of 3 ...

4.2. Extended program of wave injection experiments

The program described above represents the minimum effort that can adequately address the

scientific questions outlined in the report to the PARS team. However if sufficient resources

can be found, each HAARP campaign can be lengthened by one additional week with HAARP

transmissions during this week being dedicated to ULF/ELF/VLF wave injection experiments.

Transmissions would occur each night during the 2000-0600 local time period without regard to

the degree of magnetic disturbance. The extra week of transmissions would provide a baseline

for characterizing the success of the experiments as a function of magnetic disturbance.

 

A. APPENDIX: REVIEW OF EXISTING SCIENTIFIC DATA

Below we discuss the salient points of our review of the relevant data concerning ULF/ELF/VLF

generation by HF heaters, ULF/ELF/VLF wave injection into the magnetosphere, and spacecraft

observations of ULF/ELF/VLF waves and energetic electrons.

 

A.1 Siple Station Experiments

Stanford University has had many years of experience with ELF/VLF wave-injection experiments

carried out with the Siple Station, Antarctica facility during 1974-1989. In these

experiments, 1.2 to 7 kHz waves were launched on field lines ranging from L = 5 to L = 3,

with ducting, amplification, and emission triggering occurring in many cases. In 1973 and 1974

ducted signals were observed on approximately 20% of the total number of days, and on these

days ducting occurred over intervals of 4 to 8 hours [Carpenter and Miller, 1976, 1983; Carpenter,

1981; Carpenter and Bao, 1983]. Ducted signal propagation occurred most frequently during

the quieting periods following magnetic disturbances. The experiments were conducted for a

wide range of transmitter radiated power levels, and geomagnetic conditions. The minimum

radiated power for wave growth and emission triggering was approximately 1 W [Helliwell et

al., 1980]. Experience with Siple indicates that the selection of geomagnetic conditions and

transmitter frequency and modulation are critically important to the success of ELF/VLF wave

injection experiments.

 

Although the Siple transmitter signals were not observed to be ducted for L > 5, this is

thought to be due to a poor signal to noise ratio for these signals, since they lose power as a result

of wave spreading loss and attenuation in the Earth- ionosphere waveguide as they propagate

from the transmitter location at L = 4.2 to ducts atL > 5. In fact lightning generated whistlers,

which in general have much higher amplitudes than the typical signals from Siple, have been

observed to propagate in the ducted mode on L shells as high as L = 8 [Carpenter, 1981]. Thus

there is good reason to expect that whistler mode ducts will be present in the vicinity of HAARP.

 

A.2 Tromsø Experiments

Electromagnetic waves in the 200 Hz to 6.5 kHz frequency range have been generated by the

Max Planck Institute’s HF heating facility near Tromsø, Norway, through modulation of the

overhead auroral electrojet currents. The Tromsø experimental data, as well as theoretical

models interpreting the data, have been published in a long series of papers spanning more than

a decade [e.g., Stubbe and Kopka, 1977; Stubbe et al., 1981, 1982; Barr and Stubbe, 1984a,

1984b; 1991a, 1991b; Rietveld et al., 1987, 1989; James, 1985 ]. Below we list the most

important features of these experiments.

1) The Tromsø HF ionospheric heating facility successfully produced electromagnetic waves

in the 200 Hz to 6.5 kHz frequency range with an amplitude of approximately 1 pT as

measured on the ground. The ELF/VLF wave amplitude was roughly constant between

2–6 kHz, but dropped by 3 dB at the lower end of the frequency range.

2) The HF heater frequency generally lay within the three frequency bands: 2.75 - 4 MHz, 3.85

- 5.6 MHz, and 5.5 - 8 MHz, and the HF signal was generally 100% amplitude modulated

with a square wave.

3) The HF radiated power was approximately 1 MW, and the effective radiated power (ERP)

generally lay in the range of 200 to 300 MW.

4) It was generally found that X-mode polarization of the HF signal resulted in a more intense

radiated ELF/VLF signal than O-mode polarization.

5) The ELF/VLF signal strengthwas highly correlated with magnetic activity, and significantly

more intense ELF/VLF waves were produced during periods of moderate geomagnetic

disturbance with Kp~ 3.

6) The amplitude of the ELF waves was essentially independent of the ERP of the HF signal,

but depended only on the total HF power delivered to the ionosphere.

7) The ratio of heating to cooling time constants ranged from 1 at 510 Hz to 0.3 at 6 kHz.

The Tromsø facility was also used to excite ULF waves in the 1.67 - 700 mHz frequency range

[Stubbe and Kopka, 1981; Stubbe et al., 1985; Maul et al., 1990]. A variety of HF modulation

schemes were attempted. The amplitude of the excited ULF waves were of the order of 100 -

10,000 pT.

 

A.3 Arecibo, HIPAS, and HAARP ELF/VLF Experiments

The high power HF ionospheric heating facilities at the Arecibo, HIPAS, and HAARP Observatories

have been used in a number of campaigns to modulate ionospheric current systemsw at

ELF/VLF frequencies in order to produce ELF/VLF waves. At Arecibo, the equatorial dynamo

current was modulated and ELF/VLF waves were produced over the frequency range of 500 Hz

to 5 kHz using a heater frequency of approximately 3 MHz and a total HF input power of 800

kW, with an ERP of 160 - 320 MW [Ferraro et al., 1982]. There was also evidence that the

HF heater sometimes created ducts along which VLF signals could propagate into the conjugate

ionosphere [ it M. Starks, 2000].

At HIPAS, the HF heater was used to create ELF/VLF waves through three different modulation

techniques, amplitude modulation, phase modulation, and beat-frequency modulation

[Wong et al.,1995]. Amplitude modulation appeared to be generally the most efficient. The

generation of ELF/VLF waves at HIPAS was most successful when the electrojet was overhead,

when there was low D region absorption, and when energetic particle precipitation and visible

aurora were not overhead [Wong et al.,1996]. Enhancement of the ELF/VLF wave amplitude

could sometimes be achieved by pointing the HF beam in a direction other than vertical, leading

to the conclusion that ELF/VLF wave production is optimized when the HF beam has is pointed

toward the electrojet position [Garnier et al., 1998].

ELF wave generation at HAARP has been carried out using varying frequency and polarization

[Milikh et al., 1998]. Results implied that the polarization of the generated ELF wave can

be controlled by changing the frequency or polarization of the heating HF waves. The efficiency

of ELF wave generation at HAARP has also been studied as a function of HF frequency and

polarization and ELF frequency and waveform [Rowland and McCarrick, 2000]. Results indicated

that the largest ELF signal was produced when the HF frequency was 3.3 MHz in x-mode

with 100% square wave modulation and the ELF frequency was approximately 1 kHz.

 

A.4 Spacecraft Observations

The efficacy of the use of a modulated HF heater to inject ELF/VLF waves into the magetosphere

has been demonstrated using four spacecraft: DE-1, ISIS-1, Aureol-3, and EXOS-D [James et

al., 1984,1990; Berthelier et al.,1983; Wong et al.,1995]. Waves in the frequency range 525

Hz - 5.85 kHz produced by the Tromsø heating facility were observed during passes of these

spacecraft near the heater. The HF frequencies used during these observations were 2.759

and 4.04 MHz. The HF carrier waves were square wave modulated, either at a series of four

frequencies (0.525,1.725, 2.925, and 4. kHz) or five frequencies (0.525, 1.525, 2.225, 2.925,

4.425, and 5.925). In all cases the pulse length at each frequency was one second. The total

HF power was 1.08 MW, and the polarization was periodically switched between x-mode and

o-mode. In general the x-mode polarization produced the most intense ELF/VLF signals at

the spacecraft location. Harmonics of the ELF/VLF modulating signals were also observed, as

would be expected for square wave modulation.

During the ISIS observations it was found that amplitude of the ELF/VLF signals at the

spacecraft were approximately 10 dB stronger than the amplitude of the ELF/VLF signals

measured on the ground near the HF facility. The highest amplitude ELF/VLF signals observed

by the spacecraft were those at 525 Hz and 1.75 kHz. From the DE-1 data the power output

from the modulated electrojet was estimated to be approximately 30 W.

 

A.5 Amplification of ELF/VLF Waves

Within the plasmasphere, discrete VLF emissions are commonly triggered by externally injected

discrete whistler mode waves such as lightning generated whistlers and fixed frequency signals

from ground based VLF transmitters, with peak emission intensities reaching values as large as

16 pT [Bell, 1985 ]. During this process the input waves can be amplified by 30 dB or more. It

is commonly believed that the amplification of the input waves and the triggering of emissions

takes place near the magnetic equator through a gyroresonance interaction between ~ 1-20 keV

energetic electrons and the triggering wave in which the particle pitch angles are altered and free

energy is transferred from the particles to the waves [Helliwell, 1967; Matsumoto and Kimura,

1971; Omura, et al., 1991; Nunn and Smith 1996 ]. Understanding the physical mechanism of

the emission process is important since these interactions can directly affect the lifetimes of the

resonant electrons.

Recently, simultaneous ELF/VLF plasma wave data and 0.1 - 20 keV energetic electron data

have been acquired with the PWI and HYDRA instruments on the POLAR spacecraft during

periods when VLF emissions were triggered by VLF transmitter signals [Bell et al., 2000]. Itwas

found that in all cases the pitch angle distribution of the resonant electrons is highly anisotropic,

with the average electron energy transverse to Earth’s magnetic field exceeding that parallel

by a large factor. According to theory, this type of electron distribution can greatly amplify

ELF/VLF waves which propagate through it, and this undoubtedly is the cause of the observed

amplification and emission triggering [Bell et al., 2000]. It was also found that amplification

of 20 dB or more appeared to require a minimum perpendicular energy flux at 20 keV at the

magnetic equator of ~ 6 ?106(cm2 - s - sr)-1. This flux level was observed to occur under

conditions of moderate to strong magnetic activity when Kp > 3 , and it was equaled on only 3

equatorial dawn passes in January, 1997, and emissions were observed on 2 of these 3. However,

amplification without emission triggering appeared to commonly occur at lower flux levels.

 

A.6 Excitation of ULF and Lower-ELF Waves

No wave-injection experiments were carried out in the lower ELF and ULF range using the Siple

Station, Antarctica, transmitter, since the Siple transmitter was not usable at frequencies below

about 1.2 kHz. However, there have been other attempts at generating ULF waves. For example,

the U. S. Navy VLF transmitter at Cutler, Maine, was square wave modulated at frequencies

of 0.2, 1, and 5 Hz over the course of one month [Willis and Davis, 1976]. Micropulsations

occurred on a number of occasions at harmonics of the transmitter modulation frequency. These

events all occurred in the quieting period following geomagnetically active days. In addition, as

mentioned above, The Tromsø facility has been used to excite ULF waves in the Pc 5 frequency

range [Stubbe and Kopka, 1981.

There is some evidence that ULF waves can be excited more efficiently by heating the E

or F regions rather than the D region. For example, according to the model of C. L. Chang

[1996], the plasma density changes in the E or F regions produced by the heater can engender

larger conductivity changes than can be produced in the D region through collision frequency

variations. At higher frequencies, 6 - 76 Hz, the HIPAS HF heater has been used to generate ELF

waves through modulation of the polar electrojet [McCarrick et al., 1990;Wong et al., 1996].

ELF wave magnetic fields at the ground were approximately 1 pT. At HAARP ELF waves have

also been produced at frequencies as low as 10 Hz at amplitudes of order 1 pT [Rowland and

McCarrick, 2000].

 

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Res., 81, 1976.

 

 

                Last Updated: July 1, 2001.


http://www-star.stanford.edu/~vlf/pars/pars.htm

[Try]

SUNDAY, APRIL 5, 2009
Cutler's VLF transmitters.

The VLF Transmitter Cutler: 
The VLF Transmitter Cutler is the United States Navy's very low frequency (VLF) station at Cutler, in Maine. The station provides one-way communication to the United States submarine forces. These VLF transmitters can reach submarines 40 meter under the water. Most of the time the submarines itself are further underwater but they use an antenna floating 40 meter under the sea level which is attached to the submarine. This VLF transmitter is the second largest radio transmitter on the planet. It has a transmission power of 1800 kW, making it to one of the most powerful VLF-transmitters in the world. It also is one of the world's largest consumers of electrical power. In the picture below you can see the huge antenna's:


The extensive antenna system consists of two completely separate arrays. Each array consists of six diamond shaped panels supported by 13 towers. The central tower of each antenna system is 304 m tall, which is almost as tall as the Eiffel tower. It is surrounded by six 266.7 m tall masts, placed on a ring with a radius of 556 m around the central tower. The remaining six towers of the array are 243.5 m tall and placed on a circle of 935.7 m around the central tower:




It is proven that people in the surrounding area of the antenna's have a higher chance of getting cancer. This is why a lot of people left the nearby town of Cutler. The people of the house seen in the picture below would for sure be in the danger zone:


http://pcgladiator.blogspot.com/2009/04/cutlers-vlf-transmitters.html


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Power Beaming to Orbital Satellites and to Space Stations
Sunlight Reflection
Charged Particle Acceleration
Beam Weapon
Over-horizon Radar
Long Distance Communications
ELF and VLF Communications
POSSIBLE DANGERS

What the actual dangers that HAARP poses are of course under some debate.

However: There is a big difference between what the dangers of the "Current HAARP Program" are, and what the dangers of the "Future HAARP Program" are! There is also a major difference between the dangers of a non-classified project and those posed by a large classified project whose scope and details are not made available to the general public!

The author of the "HAARP Game Home Page" on the internet titles his website: "HAARP is not unique or new technology. It is a continuation of war science discoveries from the 1950's" (unauthored, current).

It must be recalled that the entire HAARP Environmental Impact Statement was written in 1993 for the initial phases of the program, with the use of the lower power levels. This Environmental Impact Statement DOES NOT address the effects of the higher power levels that are planned for HAARP or any classified project applications.

Even attempts to obtain background material on HAARP have net with official resistance and refusal. An official request for the proceedings of the government workshop on HAARP, "Presentations from the HAARP Workshop on Ionospheric Heating Diagnostics" in 1991 (Fisher, D., Oct. 1991) was met with an official denial of the public's right to obtain that information (Kossey, P., May 1996). This information, as well as the complete list of attendees of that workshop (Unauthored, 1991), are all available on the internet. Complete website URLs are included for your use in each reference, where known.

A "Formal letter that the United States Air Force prepare a supplement to the July 1993 HAARP Final Environmental Impact Statement" has been submitted to the HAARP Project and even the President of the US, without visible effect thus far (Van Tuyn, P., May 1996). It is on the internet. Read it!

The effects of HAARP on the weather are completely unknown. "Weather Modification" is a very interesting subject, and if it existed, would absolutely become a classified project, in the interest of National Security. The effect of heating the jet stream over Alaska could have profound results on the weather in Denver or Miami, depending on the time of year and the original position of the jet stream over Alaska. To say that HAARP cannot or will not influence the weather is just not true. How much it will influence the weather is just unknown.

Also, we know that earthquakes are occur when tectonic plates shift. What would be the effect of massive ionized power coming from the Earth's atmosphere into the Earth's core? Could it be enough to trigger slight or major earthquakes? Perhaps.

ELF (Extremely Low Frequencies) and VLF (Very Low Frequencies) communications are also controversial topics of discussion. While the military currently uses such low frequencies within the Earth and the oceans to communicate with submarines world-wide, the use of the atmosphere for such communications may produce disastrous effects on insects, birds, animals, and humans!

Several researchers have already noted major adverse effects that have occurred in Alaska since the beginning of the HAARP experimentation program, and they point to HAARP as the only cause (Begich and Manning, 1995).

Researchers have estimated that such radiations will be similar to those found under power-lines, and much more severe, as the frequency will be more attuned to life functions and brain waves. One researcher is quoted as saying that insects and other life forms that depend upon using their antenna will be affected world-wide!

In addition, several other researchers have pointed out that in the future operational phases of the program, EMF waves will be produced within the atmosphere that are in the same frequency band as human brain waves. Our conscious and unconscious activities have been found to be controlled by brain waves in the range from 1 to about 35 Hz. Our conscious activity is regulated by brain waves in the 14-35 Hz range (Beta). Our unconscious and higher conscious activity is in the range of 8-14 Hz (Alpha). Our relaxed and deeply relaxed states are in the ranges of 4-8 Hz (Theta) and 1-4 Hz (Delta) (Hurtak, J., 1997). As the frequency decreases, the effect is more pronounced and more unconscious. The effect of large power EM radiations pulsing though the atmosphere on living creatures and human consciousness in these frequency ranges is completely unknown!

It has also been shown that both ELF and VLF radiations can affect and entrain human brain wave patterns in ways that are against that of the individual's will (Hurtak, J., Aug. 1996).

A list of the possible dangers include:

ELF and VLF Pollution
Disastrous Resonance Effects in Living Systems
Affects on Living Things
Affects on Insects
Affects on Human Brain Waves
Weather Disasters
Natural Disasters
Earthquakes
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

HAARP appears as a nice and ambitious military "scientific endeavor aimed at studying the properties and behavior of the ionosphere, with particular emphasis on being able to understand and use it to enhance communications and surveillance systems for both civilian and defense purposes". The HAARP Final Environmental Impact Statement was completed in 1993, and addresses the unclassified use of HAARP with very low amounts of input and transmitted power. Attempts to reopen an official assessment of this program have thus far failed. HAARP appears to be in use by ARCO to sell natural gas to the military that would otherwise be trapped in Alaska. The HAARP patents imply that Billions of Watts could easily be used to power HAARP, with no or few equipment upgrades. The patents are now owned by a major military contractor. Many of the possible applications, as stated in the actual patents supporting HAARP, would be classified. You can draw your own conclusions:

We are not being told the truth about the HAARP Program.
Alaska politics will always be supportive of HAARP.
The military will always be supportive of HAARP.
The military advantages could be significant.
The real dangers are completely unknown.
The real dangers could be very large in several areas!
The dangers to life may out weigh the military advantages.
THIS PROGRAM MAY NOT BE WORTH THE RISK!
An Independent Review Committee needs to be formed to access the possible dangers of the various real and possibly classified HAARP projects. This Committee needs to be independent from US Federal politics, Alaska state politics, the US military, and ARCO oil interests, and would probably need to report to both the Congress and the Senate. There is a great need to form this Review Committee, and the time to form it is NOW!

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The information, data, and support provided by Nick Begich and Jeane Manning is gratefully acknowledged, as well as their permission to quote from their book. We also thank all those individuals listed in the References, and all the other writers and networkers, both past and future, who are asking hard questions and when getting no answers do not ever, ever give up!

http://padrak.com/ine/HAARP97.html


...


In Gakona, Alaska a joint project of the US Navy, Air Force and University of Alaska will soon be up and operational. The High frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) has been portrayed as a research project which will investigate the aurora borealis but in reality is a military-industrial endeavor which will employ renegade Tesla technology to alter the ionosphere in such a fashion as to tactically affect weather patterns, block all global communications and even effect planned earthquakes.

It is a bitter shame, IMO, that so much of Tesla's genius has been corrupted and perverted to the point whereby it could become an extremely negative influence in years to come.

Interestingly enough, a subsidiary of ARCO called APTI (ARCO Power Technologies, Inc.) holds a patent (#4,686,605) which matches the HAARP proposal dealing with transmitting extremely large amounts of RF energy into the ionosphere. The patent claims it has the following uses:

"cause...total disruption of communications over a very large portion of the earth...disrupting not only land-based communications, but also land-based communications and sea communications (both surface and subsurface)...missile or aircraft destruction, deflection, or confusion...weather modification...by altering solar absorbtion...ozone, nitrogen, etc. could be artificially increased..."

An initial trial experiment will be performed and, if "successful," will give the green light to a massive antenna array which the military hopes to complete sometime in 1997.

Although it has been recognized by the US Dept of Commerce, Natl Telecommunications and Information Administration that global communications will certainly be adversely affected by this strategy, other risks are unclear in the literature related to this project.

Read on and you will discover why the proposed use of the HAARP project is akin to removing a few fleas from your dog by pouring gasoline on him then igniting it. Though the fleas are destroyed, so in the process is your dog. This perversion of well-intended Tesla technology will most probably have dire side effects on every living thing in our entire biosphere and could conceivably lead to the destruction of the entire planet.

Regarding the theory behind HAARP, Tesla was quoted in the New York Times (Dec. 8, 1915) as saying:

"It is not a time to go into the details of this thing. It is founded upon a principle that means great things in times of peace; it can be used for great things in war. But I repeat, this is no time to talk of such things.

"It is perfectly practicable to transmit electrical energy without wires and produce destructive effects at a distance. I have already constructed a wireless transmitter which makes this possible, and have described it in my technical publications, among which I refer to my patent number 1,119,732, recently granted. With transmitters of this kind we are enabled to project electrical energy in any amount to any distance and apply it for innumerable purposes, both in war and peace. Through the universal adoption of this system, ideal conditions for the maintenance of law and order will be realized, for then the energy necessary to the enforcement of right and justice will be normally productive, yet potential, and in any moment available for attack and defense. The power transmitted need not be necessarily destructive, for, if distance is made to depend upon it, it's withdrawl or supply will bring about the same results as those now accomplished by force of arms."

A later New York Times article (Sept. 22, 1940) stated:

"Nikola Tesla, one of the truly great inventors, who celebrated his 84th birthday on July 10, tells the writer that he stands ready to divulge to the US Government the secret of his 'tele- force' with which, he said, airplane motors would be melted at a distance of 250 miles, so that an invisible Chinese Wall of defense would be built around the country.

"This 'teleforce', he said, is based on an entirely new principle of physics that 'no one has ever dreamed about', different from the principle in his inventions relating to the transmission of electrical power from a distance, for which he has received a number of basic patents. This new type of force, Mr. Tesla said, would operate through a beam one hundred- millionth of a square centimeter, and could be generated from a special plant that would cost no more than $2,000,000 and would take only about three months to construct."

In a press release by the USAF dated Nov. 3, 1993, the military announced that the prime contractor on the HAARP project was ARCO Power Technologies, Inc. and that the first phase of the program was already underway to develop and test a low-power high-frequency (2.8-10.0 MHz) prototype transmitter array.

A fact sheet issued by the Office of Naval Research and the Phillips Laboratory about HAARP (Nov. 4, 1993) mentioned (among other things):

"Potential applications of the HAARP research include developing DoD technology for detecting cruise missiles and aircraft and for communicating with submarines. Although HAARP is being managed by the AF and Navy, it is purely a scientific research facility [yeah, right -d4]...

"...The beam would be several degrees wide, depending on frequency, and thus would influence a region several miles in diameter in the lower ionosphere, expanding to several tens of miles in the upper ionosphere.

"As a result of a competitive procurement, the AF and Navy has awarded a contract to ARCO Power Technologies, Inc. (APTI) for the design and construction of the IRI and associated support facilities...The current schedule anticipates construction at the Gakona [Alaska] site would begin November 1993 and conclude the fall of 1994 with the demonstration prototype. Construction for the full-size IRI is anticipated to begin early 1995 and conclude late 1997."

Joint US/Soviet Involvement
Further research reveals that starting in the late 1960's, US and Soviet scientists began a series of joint efforts to warm up the Arctic (documented in Lowell Ponte's 1976 book, "The Cooling"). At the 1974 Vladivostok Summit, US and Soviet leaders began weather engineering operations. By the late 1970's, the US joined in it's own weather-modifying ELF signals.

To improve joint electromagnetic weather-control actions, the US brought a number of Russian scientists to work at the top-secret Lawrence Livermore high-tech weapons laboratory . Although the project was officially disguised as "environmental cleanup research," the real purpose of the joint Russian/US project has been kept secret from the American people.

The plan to use Russian technology was described in the 4/8/93 Journal of Commerce & Commercial Bulletin:

"During the Cold War, in the closed research laboratory of the Gorky, Russian military scientists developed the 'Gyrotron'; a high-energy microwave generator designed to sweep the skies of Western warplanes [using Tesla scalar-wave technology].

"Today, at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, American military scientists are weighing a Russian proposal to use those generators for a new mission -- cleansing the atmosphere of ozone- depleting chemicals [CFC's]. The Lawrence Livermore scientists began collaborating with their Russian counterparts last year, travelling to Russian research centers, engaging in joint projects..."

The new HAARP weather-engineering system, now under construction in Alaska, will have (among it's numerous functions) the clear capacity to zap pollution and will also be able to increase or decrease upper atmospheric ozone levels at will. In fact, the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory's secret 21-member US/Soviet "Project Woodpecker" team in charge of the project just won a special award from both the CIA and the NSA for their efforts.

Hmm...sounds OK so far. So what's all the fuss about?

US Weather Engineering Project
Physicist Dr. Bernard J. Eastlund essentially "borrowed" Tesla's ideas and received a patent (#4,686,605 issued Aug. 11, 1987) for an invention which employed the borrowed ideas. The patent was assigned to ARCO's APTI and on Sept. 6, 1987, National Public Radio reported:

"Dr. Eastlund stated that his new invention could be used to change the weather by redirecting the very high wind patterns... The invention uses an earth-based power source to create electromagnetic radio waves and focus them way up into the atmosphere. Dr. Eastlund says the invention could steer the jet stream, but could also be used to disrupt communications all over the world."

Among other things, the 1987 patent states, "Large regions of the upper atmosphere could be lifted to an unexpected high altitude...weather modification is possible, by for example altering the upper atmosphere wind patterns (which is exactly what the Russian Woodpecker ELF system does)."

A 3/88 OMNI Magazine article about Dr. Eastlund's invention stated:

"...Essentially what would happen is a huge section of the [HAARP] charged atmosphere would be pushed upward and outward from earth by this electromagnetic force. You can, says Eastlund, virtually lift part of the upper atmosphere.

"Eastlund also says you could construct 'plumes of atmospheric particles to act as a lens or focusing device for sunlight. By being able to intensify and control light, one could heat a specific part of the earth and learn to manipulate local wind patterns.

"What this means, he says, is that by controlling local weather patterns, one could, say, bring rain to Ethiopia or alter the summer storm pattern in the Caribbean" (as just demonstrated in the July, 1994 Gulf storm that stood-in-place and flooded Georgia, Florida and Alabama).

"Because of the publicity about these aspects of the Eastlund- Arco patent, the US Government suppressed all further news about the invention's weather-engineering features. Since about 1989, the invention has been disguised as a device for conducting "atmospheric research."

A hard-working environmental group, the Cook Inlet Vigil, has uncovered shocking details about the severe dangers posed by this new earthionospheric "zapping" system. The 12/15/91 Alaska Daily News carried a big article on HAARP:

"Electrical energy floats high over Alaska, where it is visible as the aurora borealis, a shimmering white, green and crimson curtain. These brilliant northern lights are the product of a huge natural generator that produces up to 10,000,000 megawatts of power as particles from the solar wind crash into the earth's magnetic field. There are concentrated currents, called electrojets, that flow in the ionosphere, and may sometimes reach millions of amperes. When the electrojet touches earth, as it sometimes does during magnetic storms, it can knock out telephone cables and power grids."

The most powerful pre-HAARP ELF ionospheric heating systems were constructed by the Soviet Union at sites in Sura, Goriky, Monchegorsk and Dushanbe (Tadzhikistan). Western pre-HAARP ionospheric heating systems are located in Tromso, Norway; Arecibo, Puerto Rico; near Fairbanks, Alaska; and at Platteville, Colorado. These systems together with the Russian Woodpecker Tesla Magnifying Transmitters, have created a severe alteration of global weather patterns -- beginning in 1976, but intensifying through the 1980's and 1990's, as more ELF transmitters were constructed.

The new Gakona HAARP project is only the beginning stage of a much larger system. Later, the antenna array will be vastly expanded and radiate power of 1.7 GIGAwatts (billions of watts), making it the most powerful ELF transmitter in the world. As an aside, Tesla researcher Sheldon Nidle mentioned in his 1994 book "You are becoming a Galactic Human":

"...These events allowed me to study some unusual Tesla devices such as the wireless power technology, called the magnifying transmitter, in greater detail. This research gave me access to information as to how Tesla's theories were being used by both the Soviet Union and the US to create a weather war that has continued from the mid-1970's to the present time."

Strange skyglow anomalies and wierd lightning and plasma-type effects have been seen all over the former USSR, near the Woodpecker transmitter sites. For example, the 9/23/77 Washington Post reported that "a strange, star-like ball of light was sighted over Petrozavodsk in Soviet Karelia, spreading over it like a jellyfish and showering down shafts of light."

Similar plasma effects have been created by the US ionosphere- zapping ELF transmitters, at the height of 1993's great midwest flood. The 9/24/93 Kansas City Star reported that a research team from the University of Alaska's Geophysical Institute (which is involved in work on HAARP) discovered "mysterious flashes of light that shoot from the tops of storm-clouds into the upper atmosphere...over the midwest during summer floods."

This sighting occurred when that area was being hit with giant standing-wave, long-lasting weather-blocking systems that were generated by a combination of the Russion Woodpecker ELF waves and US GWEN Tower VLF waves. The newspaper reported that these mysterious flashes "resemble jellyfish. They are brightest where they top out -- typically about 40 miles high -- so you have the jellyfish body at the top with tentacles trailing down."

Additional information about the mystery flashes over 1993's midwest flood appeared in the 5/27/94 Science Magazine which reported: "Atmospheric Scientists Puzzle Over High-Altitude Flashes" and certain recently released films taken from the space shuttle (STS something-or-other) which caught the odd plasma effects ["sprites" -d4].

Dangerous Earth Anomalies From ELFs
Within a short time after the start of US and Soviet through-the- earth transmissions, this planet's internal dynamo was affected. The 12/13/84 Washington Post reported that the earth had experienced a sudden unexpected slowdown in rotation. Although the planet's spin had been gradually decreasing over a long period of time, this anomaly was so unusual that the normal compensation by US Naval Observatory scientists (via a leap second added to atomic clocks) was not needed. The newspaper stated: "Why earth should have slowed...isn't wholly understood." Scientists at the US Naval Observatory and at the Jet Propulsion Lab found that the "earth, like an unbalanced washing machine," has developed "wobbles as it spins." (7/15/88 Wall Street Journal).

The 7/90 OMNI Magazine reported that between January 24 to February 3, 1990, the earth's rotation suddenly and unexpectedly slowed down AGAIN. US Naval Observatory scientists reported that the slowdown was more abrupt than usual. The 8/9/91 New York Times described the causes of these unexpected sudden disruptions:

"Geophysicists suspect that perturbations in the circulation of the hot fluid metallic core contributes to the rotational changes...The irregular rotation variations are the result of fluctuating fluid flow in the underlying metallic core and the overlying hydrosphere and atmosphere, and...also convection forces within earth and the movement of crustal plates near the surface." All of which are influenced by through-the-earth ELF vibrations.

The 12/11/86 Chicago Tribune reported: "Giant whirlpools, some nearly 60 miles wide, have been detected moving along Norway's coasts at speeds of up to 4 knots, posing serious threats to mariners. These giant whirlpools have no obvious center and are difficult to spot." The newspaper reported that the mammoth whirlpools were unheard of before 1980 (a period after the US and the USSR began generating ELF waves).

Giant standing waves called "solitons," have been spotted near the Strait of Gibralter. The 4/30/85 New York Times reported the discovery of massive internal waves in the oceans that do not appear to any large extent on the surface. "A dramatic series of internal waves has now been traced through the Strait of Gibralter from photographs" taken from a space shuttle in October, 1984. A map in that newspaper shows a giant standing wave line on the western side of the Strait.

Scientists measuring ocean waves reported that "the Atlantic Ocean is getting rougher." Measurements taken since the 1960's indicated that during the late 1970's (a period following the start of Soviet and US ELF transmissions), "the waves did seem to get bigger." The 4/19/88 New York Times reported that British scientists have discovered that waves in the northeast Atlantic Ocean "have increased more than 20 percent since the 1960's." Ocean researchers consider this to be a "significant climatic phenomenon."

Earthquake Engineering Project
In a February, 1912 interview, in the publication, "The World Today" Nikola Tesla said that it would be possible to split the planet by combining vibrations with the correct resonance of the earth itself:

"Within a few weeks, I could set the earth's crust into such a state of vibrations that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet, throwing rivers out of their beds, wrecking buildings and practically destroying civilization."

The article, "Tesla's Controlled Earthquakes" (July 11, 1935 New York American) stated: Tesla's "experiments in transmitting mechanical vibrations through the earth -- called by him 'the art of telegeodynamics' were roughly described by the scientist as a sort of 'controlled earthquake.'

He stated: "The rythmical vibrations pass through the earth with almost no loss of energy. It becomes possible to convey mechanical effects to the greatest terrestrial distances and produce all kinds of unique effects. The invention could be used with destructive effect in war..."

In January, 1978, Dr. Andrija Puharich, M.D., LL.D. issued a detailed research paper titled, "GLOBAL MAGNETIC WARFARE -- A Layman's Viet of Certain Artificially Induced Effects on Planet Earth during 1976 and 1977." Describing early Soviet work with Tesla's method of "controlled earthquakes," he stated: "Of the many great earthquakes of 1976, there is one that demands special attention -- the July 28, 1976 Tangshan, China earthquake." Puharich's analysis is significant because it describes airglow plasma effects created by the Soviet Woodpecker system. Ionosphere heating ELF systems, like HAARP, can generate similar effects.

He stated: "The reason that this 1976 earthquake attracted my attention is that it was preceeded by a light flare-up of the entire sky over Tangshan. Also, this earthquake occurred during the first month of Soviet Woodpecker radio emmissions...The most prominent effect was that when the Soviet Woodpecker emission was on at full strength -- the sky would light up like an ionized gaslamp -- just as Tesla had predicted."

The 6/5/77 New York Times described the great earthquake, which destroyed Tangshan, and killed over 650,000 people: "Just before the first tremor at 3:42am, the sky lit up like daylight. The multi-hued lights, mainly white and red, were seen up to 200 miles away. Leaves on many trees were burned to a crisp and growing vegetables were scorched on one side, as if by a fireball."

These electrical effects are tied to electromagnetic plasma and ball lightning and the strange array of flashes which results from Tesla-style and HAARP-like transmissions. As part of the secret 1974 Vladivostok US-Soviet artificial global-warming agreement, the US began 30 Hz ELF transmissions from a site in the Pacific northwest in Washington. Coincidentally with the increase in Soviet and US ELF transmissions during 1980, was a sharp increase in earthquakes around the world. The 1/30/81 Washington Post reported: "The world sustained 71 significant earthquakes during 1980, up from 56 the previous year, and the world death toll climbed to 7140, 5 times the 1979 figure, the USGS said."

On September 12, 1989, sensors called magnetometers, (at Corralitos, near Monterrey Bay, California) detected unusual ULF (between 0.01 Hz and 10 Hz -- the lowest ELF frequencies) radio signals, "which grew 30 times stronger October 5, and then weakened somewhat. At 2:00pm on October 17, the signals grew so strong that they went off of the sensor's scales. Three hours later, the San Francisco Bay area shook violently as the magnitude 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake killed more than 60 people and injured 3800 others. The catastrophic January 17, 1994 Los Angeles earth- quake was also preceded by mysterious radio signals. Some observers in Los Angeles reported hearing two loud "sonic booms" (which are typical symptoms of Soviet Tesla weapons usage) immediately before the earthquake.

That strange underground hum in the western US beginning to make a little more sense now?

Typical earthquakes occur no deeper than 20 to 25 kilometers. A very rare deep quake just took place. The 6/18/94 Science News reported that on June 8th, 'a magnitude 8.2 quake emanated from 600 kilometers below Bolivia, punching the planet hard enough to send it ringing like a bell. The quake was felt in much of North America, even as far away as Seattle -- a fact that has puzzled geophysicists. "This is the first time we know of that a quake in that part of South America was felt in North America,' says Bruce W. Presgrave of the National Earthquake Information Center."

A Grave Danger to Earth
Demonstrating the grave danger to this planet's geomagnetic stability, the 1987 Eastlund patent (which is the basic design for the HAARP project) stated that "The earth's magnetic field could be decreased or disrupted at appropriate altitudes to modify or eliminate the magnetic field."

Quoting the 3/88 OMNI Magazine article, "Richard Williams, a physicist at Princeton, stated that he thinks the Eastlund (HAARP) might become 'a serious threat to the earth's atmosphere' and 'could cause irreversible damage...effects in the atmosphere cannot be localized...the language of the patent indicates that it is clearly intended to provide effects on a global scale'."

Quoting the 2/94 Cook Inlet Monthly Bush Blade, "The late geomagnetic researcher Lloyd Zirbes strongly opposed the technology utilized in the HAARP system. He wrote, 'Disruption of the earth's magnetic field will complete damages to the planet's balance done by the government nuclear bomb blasts in the natural radiation belts above the ionosphere. Earth's magnetic field keeps the planet in balance with the moon and sun. Disrupting the field will be the last straw in sending earth into the sun or out into space'."

The combined effects of these transmitters, including the Russian Woodpecker, the new HAARP system, together with all the other ELF and VLF systems (such as those in Michigan and the GWEN towers), are very dangerous. When operating simultaneously and during times of geomagnetic storms, they present a severe threat to the entire planet.

The disruption of the earth's internal dynamo, and the disruption and alteration of the upper atmospheric magnetic belts (which constitute the external part of the earth's natural dynamo system), can create a premature reversal of the magnetic poles, worsen the newly discovered wobble of the earth's spin and possibly create a total polar reversal or earth shift.

The 1/78 Specula Magazine described Woodpecker effects:

"An electromagnetic signal of certain frequencies can be transmitted through the earth which, when introduced into the earth at certain multiples of 30 degrees, will form standing waves in the earth itself. In certain incidence angle cases, the standing wave also induces a strange phenomenon: coherence to the standing wave is formed in the molten core of the earth itself, and a tiny fraction of the vast, surging electromagnetic currents of the liquid core begin to feed into and augment the induced standing wave.

"At this point, one has established a sort of giant triode: the inducing signal one is putting into the earth is the grid signal, and the vast energy in the molten core of the earth is the cathode and power supply. The established coherence serves as an amplification factor for the grid signal, and much more energy is now present in the standing wave than the miniscule amount being fed in from the earth's surface. By interferometer type techniques, multiple 'giant resonance' waves of this type can be combined so that a 'beam' or focused effect of very great energy exists inside the earth.

"Depending on the frequency, focusing, wave shape, etc. one can ...induce a variety of effects such as earthquakes, induced at a distant aiming point, severe disturbances in the middle and upper atmosphere over the target area...and anomalous weather effects. This is called the Tesla effect."

Unlike earlier periods, the earth is now much more vulnerable to outside astronomical influences. Today, powerful transmitters are interfering with, overriding and blanking out earth's natural magnetic field. For the first time in human history, an ever-increasing number of artificial ELF and VLF vibrations are disrupting earth's natural internal and external electromagnetic systems (which help to maintain planetary rotation, balance and stability). The newly discovered planetary wobble and sudden, abrupt slow-downs in rotation are only the beginning. The chances are now greatly increased that any asteroid or meteorite that hits the earth could set off such a destructive resonance that the planet could split (as Tesla predicted) or suffer a total polar shift.

The severe threat to global stability created by the combined effects of the Woodpecker, HAARP, other ionosphere-heating ELF, long wire ELF and GWEN tower systems was demonstrated in T.E. Beardon's book, "Fer-de-Lance":

"Any large collection of nuclei -- such as a star or a planet -- is a strong absorber and radiator od scalar wave radiation. The Sun is a particularly strong source of scalar wave radiation. This radiation penetrates the earth deeply, interacting more and more with the deeper layers, which under greater mechanical stress are more nonlinear. Most of the heat in the molten core of the earth comes from the dephasing of a portion of this absorbed scalar radiation from the Sun, liberating ordinary electromagnetic energy as heat.

"The Earth also re-radiates scalar wave radiation back to the Sun. The Sun and the Earth are thus coupled into a scalar system in equilibrium or near-equilibrium. Each body in the couplet posesses both a feedforward and a feedback loop."

Describing large electromagnetic weapons (such as Woodpecker and HAARP-like systems), Bearden said:

"If significant scalar effects are produced on Earth in a 'pulse' mode, pulsed disturbances of the Earth-Sun and Earth-Moon systems result. Here a danger exists that one or more natural resonances of the coupled systems may be excited. If too much or sharp stimulation occurs on Earth, the coupled resonant response from the Sun could be disasterous. The simplest Doomsday simulation would be for a violent expulsion of solar electromagnetic energy and particles to occur. If this were due to resonance, the expulsions of solar electromagnetic energy and particles would continue during some decay time. In that case, the fiery destruction of the Earth, strongly indicative of Biblical prophecy, would result. Particularly sensitive are the resonances of Sun-Earth, Sun-Moon and Earth-Moon systems.

"Note the abnormal influence of the Moon on tides -- tides of both the Earth's tectonic plates and oceans. If the Earth-Moon resonant system were overstimulated, one might expect VIOLENT earthquakes of extraordinary magnitude, and tremendous tidal waves hundreds of feet in heights. (The potential connections to legends of earth-destroying floods, scientific evidence of extreme water levels in mountains, and legends of ancient catyclysmic destruction of supposedly advanced technological oceanic cultures is obvious). [Atlantis]

"Use of huge scalar electromagnetic weapons (including US devices which interfere with God-given protective Van Allen and other external magnetic belts) is a double-edged sword. Unless carefully employed, use of the weapons could cause a terrible backlash to the user (as the Soviets discovered when the main power source for the Gomel Woodpecker transmitter at Chernobyl exploded in 1986), as well as the victim, and even cause the destruction of Earth itself.

"With scalar electromagnetic weapons, the consequence of a relatively simple electronic failure can be catastrophic; not only for the local nation but for the earth as a whole. If an electrogravitational pulse discharge happens to tickle the Sun's and Moon's [natural scalar electromagnetic] feedback loops the wrong way, you'll get convulsions on the earth, and a violent increase in the interior heat of the Earth's molten core, with a concomittant eruption of that core right up through the Earth's mantle."

http://www.diegomusiccreations.com/haarp-and-tesla-technology.php

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Over Christmas 2003 there were FIVE major earthquakes across the globe, culminating in a series of devastating tremors in Iran. 2003/12/26 01:56:52 28.99n 58.29e 10.0 6.5 Southeastern Iran 2003/12/25 23:09:43 22.43s 169.49e 10.0 6.0 Southeast Of Loyalty Islands 2003/12/25 20:42:33 22.30s 169.45e 10.0 6.5 Southeast Of Loyalty Islands 2003/12/25 14:21:11 34.83s 178.43w 10.0 6.0 South Of Kermadec Islands 2003/12/25 07:11:11 8.41n 82.84w 33.0 6.5 Panama-Costa Rica Border Region With thanks to Eric Hufschmid for the above information via propagandmatrix The media have barely mentioned these other quakes, largely because they occurred in remote areas and caused little damage and loss of life. However, such a spate of earthquakes in so a brief a period is curious in itself. But what is really unusual is the actual timing of the Iranian quake. Just as Iran was about to challenge Israelnuclear supremacy in the Middle East, it is rocked by a devastating quake that could claim up to 50,000 lives and take years to recover from. Was it a coincidence that Iran was moving into a position to challenge Israel nuclear dominance of the region when the tremor struck? This writer had his suspicions and they have just been echoed in a telephone conversation. The caller and myself have a mutual acquaintance, let's call him Alex, who is endowed with some remarkable psychic gifts. Among other things, he can see beyond the apparent to what is really happening and even what is going to happen. Nearly two years ago, A year ago Britain and America would invade Iraq but that country was not the ultimate target. Iran was. Now he is saying that this most recent disaster was not the result of natural forces. The Americans are behind it, probably working at the behest of their Zionist overlords, and using secret high technology, most probably HAARP. With this in mind the following article, written over two years ago, is more pertinent than ever... HAARP antenna in Alaska Weapons of the New World Order Technology will make available, to the leaders of major nations, techniques for conducting secret warfare, of which only a bare minimum of the security forces will be appraised, Techniques of weather modification could be employed to produce prolonged periods of drought or storm. Illuminati strategist and front man Zbigniew Brzezinski writing in Between Two Ages 1970. It sounds like something from Greek legend or Nordic mythology. Harnessing the elements and quite literally using natural forces as a weapon of war: causing earthquakes or storms and maybe even hurling thunderbolts at your opponents. To make it all the more effective the recipients would never see it coming, at least not until it hit them. And then in the aftermath, amidst the ruin and devastation, who would they blame? Unlike a missile attack or a bombing raid the perpetrators wouldn't be obvious so the victims would end up blaming elemental chaos, not the real culprits. Unfortunately the above is not just speculation. The ability to trigger earthquakes, floods, hurricanes and even effect peoples brains and the Earth's own tectonic plates is now a very real possibility; the research has been done, the tests completed and the weaponry has been deployed, and maybe even used.

http://www.alienhub.com/politics-conspiracies-cover-ups/311-haarp-project.html


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"According to an unconfirmed report by the Russian Northern Fleets, the tragic earthquake in Haiti was caused by a US navy earthquake weapon that went "horribly wrong," reports Press TV. The weapons test was originally supposed to be used against Iran but caused the cataclysmic earthquake in the Caribbean country.
 
The purpose of the earthquake weapon being used against Iran, according to the Russian report, was to topple the current Islamic system in the country.
 
Vive TV reports that the unconfirmed Russian report also suggests that the US instigated the 6.5 magnitude earthquake in the Pacific Ocean earlier this month. That earthquake did not cause any deaths or injuries but did damage many residential and commercial buildings.
 
The report further states that the system carrying out these tests is the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP). The data also coincides with a previous report that associates the 2008 7.8 magnitude earthquake in China with HAARP.
 
Although Russia has accused the US of holding such a type of weapon, a Georgia Green Party leader claimed that Moscow, allegedly possessing similar weapons, caused an earthquake on Georgian territory several years ago." (source)
 
http://beforeitsnews.com/story/20/951/Are_We_in_a_HAARP_Earthquake_War.html 

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[Try]

Lowest Frequency Radar Echo From The Moon Ever Detected
ScienceDaily (Jan. 10, 2008) — A team of scientists from the Naval Research Laboratory, the Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL's) Research Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, N.M., and the University of New Mexico (UNM) has detected the lowest frequency radar echo from the moon ever seen with earth-based receivers.
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In the lunar echo experiment (more properly called a lunar bistatic radar experiment), the Air Force/Navy High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) high power transmitter, located near Gakona, Alaska, launched high power radio waves toward the moon. The reflected signal, weakened because of the long distance to the moon and back, was detected by receiving antennas in New Mexico.
NRL consultant scientist Dr. Paul Rodriguez, of NRL's Information Technology Division, who conceived and proposed the experiment explains, "Analysis of the echo gives information on the properties of the lunar sub-surface topography, because the low frequency radar waves propagate to varying depths below the visible surface of the moon. It is somewhat like sonar, except that we are using electromagnetic waves rather than sound waves. The experiment also allows us to study the interaction of the echo signal with the earth's ionosphere along its return path, because the ionosphere is only partially transparent at low frequencies."
During the experiment, which was carried out on Oct. 28 and 29, 2007, the radar signals from HAARP were at 7.4075 MHz and 9.4075 MHz. Both the transmitted signal and the echo from the moon were detected by NRL Remote Sensing Division scientist, Dr. Kenneth Stewart, and NRL engineer Brian Hicks with antennas built for the Long Wavelength Array (LWA). LWA is a radio interferometer being built in the desert west of Socorro, N.M., by UNM, NRL, the Applied Research Laboratories at the University of Texas at Austin, Virginia Tech, and Los Alamos National Laboratory, for studies of space physics and astrophysics.
The LWA is intended to work below the 88 MHz edge of the FM band, but to get down to the HAARP signal frequencies, the antennas were equipped with digital receivers and specially designed matching networks developed by Stewart, Hicks, and engineer Nagini Paravastu at NRL. "Detecting the very weak radio signals after their round trip to the moon and back was challenging and required careful modification of the LWA antennas to improve their performance at these frequencies," says Stewart. NRL LWA Project Scientist Dr. Namir Kassim notes, "One of the successful goals of this experiment was to demonstrate that the LWA can work with instruments like HAARP at lower frequencies than its nominal design."
The HAARP radar antenna array was "phased" to point about 45 degrees away from the zenith, in order to track and directly illuminate the moon. Its full total power capability, about 3.6 MW, was used to transmit pulses two seconds in length every five seconds over a period of two hours each day, one hour at each frequency. Using such a pulse pattern makes the echo, which arrives back from the moon 2.4 seconds later, immediately recognizable, allowing the scientists to distinguish the moon's echo signal from the HAARP signal. The HAARP signal reached the receiving antennas in New Mexico by reflecting off the underside of the ionosphere, the region of the Earth's atmosphere from 50 to 400 km in altitude that is partially ionized by solar radiation.
The lunar echo measurements at 7.4075 MHZ are believed to be the lowest frequency (longest wavelength) at which bistatic radar measurements have been conducted. "Even though lunar echoes have been detected before at higher frequencies, it was really exciting to see them arrive in real time out under the full moon in the New Mexico desert," says NRL's Hicks.
The team members involved in the HAARP-LWA lunar radar experiment are: Dr.Paul Rodriguez, Dr. Kenneth Stewart, Brian Hicks, Dr. Nagini Paravastu; and Edward Kennedy of NRL; Dr. Paul Kossey of AFRL's Research Vehicles Directorate; and Dr. Lee J Rickard of UNM.
Significant help in conducting the experiment was provided by HAARP Program Managers Paul Kossey (Air Force) and Edward Kennedy (Navy); Mike McCarrick of BAE Systems-Advanced Technologies, which operates the HAARP facility, and by Clinton Janes (UNM); Gerald O'Connell (National Radio Astronomy Observatory); and Patrick Crane (NRL).

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080108113605.htm

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Moonquakes


March 15, 2006: NASA astronauts are going back to the moon and when they get there they may need quake-proof housing.
That's the surprising conclusion of Clive R. Neal, associate professor of civil engineering and geological sciences at the University of Notre Dame after he and a team of 15 other planetary scientists reexamined Apollo data from the 1970s. "The moon is seismically active," he told a gathering of scientists at NASA's Lunar Exploration Analysis Group (LEAG) meeting in League City, Texas, last October.
Between 1969 and 1972, Apollo astronauts placed seismometers at their landing sites around the moon. The Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 16 instruments faithfully radioed data back to Earth until they were switched off in 1977.
Right: Buzz Aldrin deploys a seismometer in the Sea of Tranquillity. [Larger image]
And what did they reveal?
There are at least four different kinds of moonquakes: (1) deep moonquakes about 700 km below the surface, probably caused by tides; (2) vibrations from the impact of meteorites; (3) thermal quakes caused by the expansion of the frigid crust when first illuminated by the morning sun after two weeks of deep-freeze lunar night; and (4) shallow moonquakes only 20 or 30 kilometers below the surface.
The first three were generally mild and harmless. Shallow moonquakes on the other hand were doozies. Between 1972 and 1977, the Apollo seismic network saw twenty-eight of them; a few "registered up to 5.5 on the Richter scale," says Neal. A magnitude 5 quake on Earth is energetic enough to move heavy furniture and crack plaster.

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Furthermore, shallow moonquakes lasted a remarkably long time. Once they got going, all continued more than 10 minutes. "The moon was ringing like a bell," Neal says.
On Earth, vibrations from quakes usually die away in only half a minute. The reason has to do with chemical weathering, Neal explains: "Water weakens stone, expanding the structure of different minerals. When energy propagates across such a compressible structure, it acts like a foam sponge—it deadens the vibrations." Even the biggest earthquakes stop shaking in less than 2 minutes.
The moon, however, is dry, cool and mostly rigid, like a chunk of stone or iron. So moonquakes set it vibrating like a tuning fork. Even if a moonquake isn't intense, "it just keeps going and going," Neal says. And for a lunar habitat, that persistence could be more significant than a moonquake's magnitude.
"Any habitat would have to be built of materials that are somewhat flexible," so no air-leaking cracks would develop. "We'd also need to know the fatigue threshold of building materials," that is, how much repeated bending and shaking they could withstand.
Right: Representative lunar seismograms from the Apollo 16 station. [More]
What causes the shallow moonquakes? And where do they occur? "We're not sure," he says. "The Apollo seismometers were all in one relatively small region on the front side of the moon, so we can't pinpoint [the exact locations of these quakes]." He and his colleagues do have some good ideas, among them being the rims of large and relatively young craters that may occasionally slump.
"We're especially ignorant of the lunar poles," Neal continues. That's important, because one candidate location for a lunar base is on a permanently sunlit region on the rim of Shackleton Crater at the Moon's south pole.
Neal and his colleagues are developing a proposal to deploy a network of 10 to 12 seismometers around the entire moon, to gather data for at least three to five years. This kind of work is necessary, Neal believes, to find the safest spots for permanent lunar bases.
And that's just the beginning, he says. Other planets may be shaking, too: "The moon is a technology test bed for establishing such networks on Mars and beyond."

http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/15mar_moonquakes/